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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

(Mark One)

REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from ___________________ to _____________

Commission file number: 001-35147

Renren Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

5/F, North Wing
18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road
Chaoyang District, Beijing 100016
People’s Republic of China
(Address of principal executive offices)

Yi Yang, Acting Chief Financial Officer
Telephone: +86 10-8448-1818
Email: ir@renren-inc.com
5/F, North Wing
18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road
Chaoyang District, Beijing 100016
People’s Republic of China
(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American depositary shares, each representing 45 Class A ordinary shares	RENN	The New York Stock Exchange
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share*		The New York Stock Exchange

Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The New York Stock Exchange of American depositary shares (“ADSs”).

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None
(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None
(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2019, 750,816,633 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share and 305,388,450 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share were outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes¨ No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes¨ No x

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ¨

Accelerated filer ¨

Non-accelerated filer x

Emerging growth company ¨

If a an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

†

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ¨

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP x

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued
by the International Accounting Standards Board ¨

Other ¨

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 ¨

Item 18 ¨

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes¨ No x

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY
PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

Yes ¨ No ¨

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	2
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	3
PART I	4
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	4
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	4
Item 3. Key Information	4
Item 4. Information on the Company	52
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments	86
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	87
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees	108
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	120
Item 8. Financial Information	122
Item 9. The Offer and Listing	124
Item 10. Additional Information	124
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	133
Interest Rate Risk	133
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	134
PART II	136
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	136
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	136
Item 15. Controls and Procedures	136
Item 16. Reserved	138
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert	138
Item 16B. Code of Ethics	138
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services	138
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	138
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	138
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	138
Item 16G. Corporate Governance	139
Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure	140
PART III	141
Item 17. Financial Statements	141
Item 18. Financial Statements	141
Item 19. Exhibits	141

INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, except where the context otherwise requires:

	·	“ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents 45 Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share. Except as otherwise indicated, all ADS and per ADS data in this annual report give retroactive effect to the change in the number of ordinary shares represented by each ADS from 15 to 45 that became effective on January 9, 2020.

	·	“Kaixin” refers to the entity that operates our used automobile business. Prior to April 30, 2019, “Kaixin” refers to Kaixin Auto Group, which was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Renren Inc. From April 30, 2019, “Kaixin” refers to Kaixin Auto Holdings, a company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Kaixin Auto Holdings was formerly CM Seven Star Acquisition Corporation, a blank check company formed for the purpose of entering into a business combination with one or more businesses. Pursuant to a series of transactions that closed on April 30, 2019, Renren Inc. acquired a controlling interest in Kaixin Auto Holdings and Kaixin Auto Holdings acquired 100% ownership of Kaixin Auto Group. We refer to this series of transactions as the “Kaixin Offering.” See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Kaixin Offering” for more information.

	·	“Dealerships” are to Kaixin’s dealership businesses operated by special purpose holding companies in which Kaixin possesses majority ownership and voting control;

	·	“Dealership Outlets” are to retail premises operated by Kaixin’s Dealerships;

	·	“Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealers” are to dealers who provide automobile inventory to Kaixin’s Dealerships and which are marketed pursuant to profit-sharing arrangements with Kaixin;

	·	The “PRC” or “China” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for purposes of this annual report only, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

	·	“SaaS” refers to software as a service.

	·	“Shares” or “ordinary shares” refer, collectively, to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share. Except as otherwise indicated, all share and per share data in this annual report give retroactive effect to the ten-for-one share split that became effective on March 25, 2011.

“We,” “us,” “our company,” and “our” refer to Renren Inc. and its subsidiaries, its consolidated affiliated entities, and subsidiaries of its consolidated affiliated entities.

Our financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. Certain Renminbi figures in this annual report are translated into U.S. dollars solely for the reader’s convenience. Unless otherwise noted, all convenience translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.9618 to US$1.00, the exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2019 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, at the rate stated above, or at all.

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 significantly hindered our ability to file this annual report by the original due date. Starting from early 2020, the Chinese government took a number of actions to attempt to contain the spread of COVID-19, which included extending the Chinese New Year holiday, quarantining individuals infected with or suspected of being infected with COVID-19, restricting residents from travel, encouraging employees of enterprises to work remotely from home and cancelling public activities. We took a series of measures in response to the outbreak to protect our employees, including temporarily closing offices and dealerships, facilitating remote working arrangements for our employees and cancelling business meetings and travel. These measures reduced our ability to gather information from our dealerships and other offices and to organize such information for the use of our finance staff and outside advisors. As a result, the preparation of this annual report was delayed. In filing this annual report on Form 20-F after the original due date of April 30, 2020, we relied on an order issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 36 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on March 4, 2020, as amended on March 25, 2020, providing conditional relief to public companies that are unable to timely comply with their filing obligations as a result of the outbreak of COVID-19. However, we were unable to complete the filing by the extended deadline.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These forward looking statements are made under the “safe-harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

	·	our goals and strategies;

	·	our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

	·	expected changes in our revenues and certain cost and expense items;

	·	the expected growth of the used automobile business in China;

	·	our expectations regarding our SaaS businesses and our other operations in the United States;

	·	our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our services;

	·	changes in technology affecting our business, and our company’s responses to these changes;

	·	our expectations regarding our relationships with distributors, customers, suppliers, strategic partners and other stakeholders;

	·	competition in our industry in China; and

relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, and business strategy. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect, and our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements with these cautionary statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Selected Financial Data

Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The following selected consolidated statement of operations data (other than ADS data) for the three years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 and our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report, except for our online games business, which we ceased to control on March 31, 2016, Oak Pacific Investment, our wholly-owned subsidiary, which we ceased to control on June 22, 2018 and renren.com, our social network platform, which we ceased to control on December 28, 2018, all of which have been classified as discontinued operations.

The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5—Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. Due to the retrospective adjustments, our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 and financial position as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 are not directly comparable to the financial data reported in our previously filed annual reports as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017.

Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods.

	Years ended December 31,
	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019
	(in thousands of US$, except for share, per share and per ADS data)
Summary Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenue	$	30,903		$	47,481		$	174,624		$	498,198		$	349,783
Cost of revenues		26,792			40,577			163,314			476,468			346,893
Gross profit		4,111			6,904			11,310			21,730			2,890
Operating expenses (income) ⁽¹⁾:
Selling and marketing		23,576			13,932			20,070			34,562			25,142
Research and development		13,012			7,542			17,435			26,349			26,148
General and administrative		45,117			39,406			51,494			71,094			46,651
Provision of amount due from a related party		—			—			—			—			12,408
Impairment of goodwill		—			—			—			29,055			83,379
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		—			—			—			(25,928	)		—
Total operating expenses		81,705			60,880			88,999			135,132			193,728
Loss from operations		77,594			53,976			77,689			113,402			190,838
Other (expenses) income		(953	)		8,336			2,656			(2,014	)		2,363
Fair value change (loss) gain of contingent consideration		—			—			(2,601	)		(29,604	)		86,256
Impairment of long-term investments		—			(1,484	)		—			—			(2,000	)
Interest income		1,728			832			1,988			5,760			8,837
Interest expense		(1,075	)		(7,107	)		(4,322	)		(5,103	)		(4,623	)
Realized gain (loss) on short-term investments		3,211			595			(100	)		—			9
Realized gain (loss) on disposal of long-term investments		—			—			37,311			(2,141	)		—

	Years ended December 31,
	2015			2016			2017			2018			2019
	(in thousands of US$, except for share, per share and per ADS data)
Loss before provision of income tax and earnings (loss) in equity method investments and noncontrolling interest, net of tax		(74,682	)		(52,804	)		(42,757	)		(146,504	)		(99,996	)
Income tax expenses		(4,066	)		(2,470	)		(4,479	)		(9,850	)		(24	)
Loss before earnings (loss) in equity method investments and noncontrolling interest, net of tax		(78,748	)		(55,274	)		(47,236	)		(156,354	)		(100,020	)
Earnings (loss) in equity method investments, net of tax		4,549			(7,840	)		55,985			(2,463	)		(7,464	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(74,199	)		(63,114	)		8,749			(158,817	)		(107,484	)
Loss from the operations of the discontinued operations, net of tax expenses		(147,458	)		(130,548	)		(119,252	)		(18,799	)		—
Gain on deconsolidation of the subsidiaries, net of tax		—			8,310			—			242,097			—
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax expenses		(147,458	)		(122,238	)		(119,252	)		223,298			—
Net (loss) income		(221,657	)		(185,352	)		(110,503	)		64,481			(107,484	)
Net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest		1,529			—			76			8,059			56,391
Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to Renren Inc.		(72,670	)		(63,114	)		8,825			(150,758	)		(51,093	)
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to Renren Inc.		(147,458	)		(122,238	)		(119,252	)		223,298			—
Net (loss) income attributable to Renren Inc.	$	(220,128	)	$	(185,352	)	$	(110,427	)	$	72,540		$	(51,093	)
Net (loss) income per share:
Net (loss) income per share from continuing operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.06	)	$	0.01		$	(0.15	)	$	(0.05	)
Diluted	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.06	)	$	0.01		$	(0.15	)	$	(0.05	)
Net (loss) income per share from discontinued operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic	$	(0.14	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.12	)	$	0.22		$	—
Diluted	$	(0.14	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.12	)	$	0.20		$	—
Net (loss) income per share attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic	$	(0.22	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.11	)	$	0.07		$	(0.05	)
Diluted	$	(0.22	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.11	)	$	0.07		$	(0.05	)
Net (loss) income attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders per ADS⁽²⁾:
Basic	$	(9.72	)	$	(8.16	)	$	(4.83	)	$	3.15		$	(2.19	)
Diluted	$	(9.72	)	$	(8.16	)	$	(4.83	)	$	3.15		$	(2.19	)
Weighted average number of shares used in calculating net (loss) income per ordinary
Basic		1,019,378,556			1,022,664,396			1,028,537,406			1,036,421,063			1,049,024,096
Diluted		1,019,378,556			1,022,664,396			1,029,736,939			1,036,421,063			1,049,024,096
Weighted average number of shares used in calculating net (loss) income per ordinary share from discontinued operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic		1,019,378,556			1,022,664,396			1,028,537,406			1,036,421,063			—
Diluted		1,027,236,202			1,022,664,396			1,028,537,406			1,095,805,917			—

(1)

Including share-based compensation expenses as set forth below:

	Years ended December 31,
	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
	(in thousands of US$)
Allocation of Share-based Compensation Expenses:
Selling and marketing		243		770		598		1,927		1,182
Research and development		781		1,363		1,092		1,142		1,324
General and administrative		25,481		21,411		26,326		28,534		9,778
		26,505		23,544		28,016		31,603		12,284
Expenses from the discontinued operations		1,736		—		—		—		—
Total share-based compensation expenses	$	28,241	$	23,544	$	28,016	$	31,603	$	12,284

(2)

Each ADS represents 45 Class A ordinary shares.

	As of December 31,
	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
	(in thousands of US$)
Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	56,226	$	79,370	$	125,199	$	15,333	$	4,473
Restricted cash		122,316		30,390		47,253		5,818		13,091
Short term investments		2,619		410		—		—		1,436
Accounts receivable, net		4,044		4,702		6,098		2,584		649
Financing receivable, net		144,457		301,773		125,478		3,486		—
Total current assets		403,938		450,813		468,005		156,762		72,772
Total assets		1,267,833		1,176,844		1,194,164		437,193		226,211
Total current liabilities		208,751		270,223		370,547		127,514		98,170
Total liabilities		338,445		438,378		485,418		256,255		100,978
Total equity	$	929,388	$	738,466	$	708,746	$	180,938	$	125,233

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a history of losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities, which may continue in the future.

We have made significant changes to our business scope in recent years. The portfolio of services we offer has evolved from social networking services, or SNS, historically the core of our company’s business, to include a used automobile business, a SaaS business and other new initiatives. We have also disposed of existing businesses in order to focus on new business opportunities. In the year ended December 31, 2019, 95.7% of our revenues were derived from our used automobile sales business. However, our new businesses are not yet profitable, and they may never become profitable.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2019, we had net current liabilities (current assets less current liabilities) of US$25.4 million, and an accumulated deficit of US$614.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we incurred loss from operations amounting to US$107.5 million and negative cashflows from operating activities of US$34.2 million. As of June 30, 2020, we were in default on short-term debt of US$0.7 million. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to generate cash flows from operations, and our ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities in the past and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability or positive cash flow in the future. Our total revenues increased from US$174.6 million in 2017 to US$498.2 million in 2018 and decreased to US$349.8 million in 2019, and income from continuing operations fluctuated from income of US$8.7 million in 2017 to losses of US$158.8 million in 2018 and US$107.5 million in 2019. We had negative cash flow from operating activities of US$115.0 million in 2017, US$60.2 million in 2018, and US$34.2 million in 2019.

Kaixin, the entity which operates our used automobile sales business, has not been profitable since its inception. Kaixin incurred net losses of US$28.7 million, US$89.5 million and US$69.1 million in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Furthermore, as a public company, Kaixin incurs significant legal, accounting and other expenses that Kaixin did not incur as a subsidiary of a listed company. As a result of these increased expenditures, Kaixin will have to generate and sustain increased revenues to achieve and maintain profitability. Kaixin generated 95.7% of our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2019, and any risks that would affect Kaixin’s business would also affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We expect that Kaixin will continue to incur losses at least in the near term as Kaixin invests in and strives to grow its business. Kaixin may also incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including possible changes in general economic conditions and regulatory environment, slowing demand for used cars and related products and services, increasing competition, and weakness in the automotive retail industry generally, as well as other risks described in this annual report, and Kaixin may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays in generating revenues or profitability. Kaixin’s revenue has declined from 2018 to 2019, and if this trend continues, Kaixin may not be able to reduce costs in a timely manner. In addition, if Kaixin reduces variable costs to respond to losses, this may limit its ability to acquire customers and grow its revenues. Accordingly, Kaixin may not achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur significant losses in the future.

Expansion into new businesses may present operating and marketing challenges that are different from those that we currently encounter, and we cannot assure you that our new business initiatives will be successful enough to justify the time, effort and resources that we devote to them. If our used automobile business does not continue to grow as rapidly as we hope or if we cannot control costs effectively as the business grows, we may not be able to achieve profitability or positive cash flow on a consistent basis, which may impact our business growth and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business has been and is likely to continue to be materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China.

Since the beginning of 2020, outbreaks of COVID-19 have resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities across China. Normal economic life throughout China was sharply curtailed. The population in most of the major cities was locked down to a greater or lesser extent and opportunities for discretionary consumption were extremely limited. Automobile sales in China fell by 79% year-over-year in the month of February, at the height of the restrictions. We closed all of our Dealership Outlets for and postponed the normal return to work of our employees after the Chinese New Year holiday. While the disruption of our operations was temporary, the duration of the business disruption, reduced manufacturing capacity and related financial impact materially affected our results of operations for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2020 and may continue to affect our results of operations for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. Although many of the restrictions on movement within China have been relaxed as of the date of this annual report, there is great uncertainty as to the future progress of the disease. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific anti-viral treatment for COVID-19. Relaxation of restrictions on economic and social life may lead to new cases which may lead to the re-imposition of restrictions. Our business and financial performance have been materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China since the beginning of 2020, and this is likely to continue throughout the current year, if not longer.

We have a limited operating history in the automobile sales business. Our historical financial and operating performance may not be indicative of, or comparable to, our future prospects and results of operations.

Although we formed Kaixin in 2011, it has changed its business model significantly since its initial launch. Kaixin began as primarily an internet-based financing business and, by the time of the Kaixin Offering, it had developed into a used car retailer with strong online and offline presence.

As a result, Kaixin’s business model has not been fully proven, and we have only a limited operating history with its new business model against which to evaluate its business and future prospects, which subjects us to a number of uncertainties. Furthermore, we intend to continue to expand Kaixin’s dealership network, and such growth may make financial information for future periods less comparable to prior periods. Accordingly, our historical financial results should not be considered indicative of our future performance and may be less comparable to financial results for future periods.

Additionally, we have limited experience in most aspects of Kaixin’s business operations, including online/offline auto sales operations, financing facilitation and other value-added services and the development of long-term relationships with platform participants, such as dealers, financial institutions and car buyers. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including achieving market acceptance of Kaixin’s platform, attracting and retaining customers, expanding Kaixin’s partnerships and the scope of its platform, increasing competition, and increasing expenses as Kaixin continues to grow its business. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future, and if we do not manage these risks successfully, our business may be adversely affected. In addition, we may not achieve sufficient revenues or maintain positive cash flow from operations or profitability in any given period. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer.

The laws and regulations governing the auto industry in the PRC are still at a nascent stage and subject to further changes and interpretation. As the market, the regulatory environment and other conditions evolve, Kaixin’s existing solutions and services may not continue to deliver the expected business results. As its business develops and responds to competition, Kaixin may continue to introduce new services, make adjustments to its existing services, business model or operations in general. Kaixin’s ability to retain dealerships, financial institutions, customers and other platform participants and to attract new platform participants are also critical to its business. Any significant change to its business model or failure to achieve the intended business results may have a material and adverse impact on Kaixin’s financial condition and results of operations. Therefore, it may be difficult to effectively assess our future prospects.

We no longer own 100% of the equity interest in our used automobile sales business, and our equity interest in the business may be further reduced.

Kaixin, the entity which operates our used automobile sales business, was responsible for 95.7% of our revenues in 2019, and is likely to remain responsible for the vast majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Pursuant to a series of transactions that closed on April 30, 2019, our equity interest in Kaixin was reduced below 100%. We refer to this series of transactions as the “Kaixin Offering.” As of May 31, 2020, we hold 69% of the issued and outstanding voting shares of Kaixin, not including shares that are held in escrow and the earnout shares. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Kaixin Offering” for more information on our shareholding in Kaixin, which is subject to earnout provisions and other contingencies.

Shareholder Value Fund was initial public offering sponsor of CM Seven Star, and was the largest shareholder of CM Seven Star before Kaixin Offering in April 30, 2019. As of May 31, 2020, Shareholder Value Fund remains as Kaixin’s major shareholder. On June 10, 2020, Kaixin entered into a subscription agreement with Shareholder Value Fund, pursuant to which Kaixin will issue to Shareholder Value Fund 4,213,629 ordinary shares of Kaixin at closing in exchange for the cancellation of the loans and payments payable to shareholder Value Fund by Kaixin. The shares were issued on July 6, 2020, and our equity interest in Kaixin was reduced to 62%, not including shares that are held in escrow and the earnout shares, assuming no other changes have occurred to Kaixin’s shareholding structure.

Furthermore, under the equity purchase agreements pursuant to which Kaixin has acquired majority control of its dealerships, Kaixin is obligated to make certain payments of its ordinary shares over a six-year period to sellers who have retained a minority interest in the special purpose holding entity of those dealerships. In connection with the Kaixin Offering, Renren has agreed to bear the obligation to make these payments and indemnify Kaixin for related liabilities. As of December 31, 2019, our minimum payment obligation is 4.2 million Kaixin ordinary shares and we carried short-term and long-term contingent consideration with a fair value amounting to US$1.0 million. Upon the transfer of the minimum shares, our equity interest in Kaixin will be further reduced to 51%, not including shares that are held in escrow and the earnout shares, assuming no other changes to Kaixin’s shareholding structure. The transfer of Kaixin ordinary shares by Renren to these minority owners of these special purpose holding entities in satisfaction of this contingent consideration would further reduce our equity interest in Kaixin. Kaixin may enter into similar agreements in the future with owners of dealerships in connection with the expansion of its business, which could further reduce our ownership interest in Kaixin. For additional information, please see “Item 4.B—Business Overview—Certain Legal Arrangements—Legal Arrangements with Dealerships” and note 5 to the accompanying financial statements.

Kaixin has reserved approximately 4.7 million ordinary shares for issuance under its equity incentive plan. If the currently outstanding grants plus any future grants permitted under this equity incentive plan were exercised, our equity interest in Kaixin would be further reduced to 46%, including shares that are held in escrow and the earnout shares, assuming no other changes to Kaixin’s shareholding structure.

Kaixin assumed 11,957,008 warrants with exercise price of each warrant at $11.50. Of these, 263,863 were initially issued as private warrants which are non-redeemable as long as they continue to be held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, with the rest warrants being redeemable. The warrants became exercisable upon the completion of the Kaixin Offering.

Under the terms of the business combination agreement, Renren is entitled to receive up to an additional 19.5 million ordinary shares of Kaixin depending on Kaixin’s financial performance for the years ended 2019 and 2020, and Kaixin’s share price. However, there is no guarantee that Renren will receive any of these shares.

If Kaixin engages in additional capital raising transactions, our ownership interest may be further reduced. The more that our ownership interest in Kaixin is reduced, the less that holders of Renren ordinary shares and Renren ADSs may benefit from any growth in Kaixin. If we continue to consolidate Kaixin, net income attributable to Renren Inc. would be reduced as our ownership interest in Kaixin is reduced, and if our ownership interest in Kaixin is reduced to the point where we would no longer continue to consolidate Kaixin in our financial statements, we would only recognize our share of the net income of Kaixin’s operations.

Kaixin may not be able to reverse the recent decline in its revenues.

Kaixin’s revenues grew from US$116.6 million in 2017 to US$479.1 million in 2018 but then fell to US$334.7 million in 2019. Even if Kaixin’s revenues increase in the future, its rate of growth may never match the rate of growth it experienced in the past. Kaixin will not be able to grow as fast or at all if it does not:

	·	increase the number of users on its mobile apps and websites and increase the number of customers of its used auto sales business;

	·	further improve the quality of its product and service offerings, features and complementary products and services, and introduce high-quality new products, services and features;

	·	introduce additional third-party products and services; or

	·	acquire sufficient appropriate inventory at an attractive cost and high quality to meet the increasing demand for its vehicles.

There can be no assurance that Kaixin will meet these objectives. Kaixin expects to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on:

	·	marketing and advertising;

	·	expansion of its vehicle inventory; and

	·	general administration, including legal, accounting and other compliance expenses.

Kaixin’s business is relatively new and has operated at substantial scale for only a limited period of time. Given this limited history, it is difficult to predict whether we will be able to maintain or grow Kaixin’s business. We also expect that Kaixin’s business will evolve in ways that may be difficult to predict. For example, over time the investments intended to drive new customer traffic to its website may be less productive than expected. In the event of this or any other adverse developments, our continued success will depend on our ability to successfully adjust Kaixin’s strategy to meet changing market dynamics. If we are unable to do so, our business could be harmed and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. See also “—Our business has been and is likely to continue to be materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China.”

Kaixin’s Dealerships conduct many aspects of its business, and Kaixin faces risks associated with its Dealerships, their employees and other personnel.

Kaixin relies on its Dealerships to conduct significant aspects of its business. As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin had 14 Dealerships. Kaixin’s control over its Dealerships may not be as effective as if Kaixin fully owned these partners’ businesses, which could potentially make it difficult for Kaixin to manage them.

Kaixin’s Dealerships and their employees directly interact with consumers, other dealerships and other platform participants, and their performance directly affects Kaixin’s reputation and brand image. If Kaixin’s service personnel or those of its dealerships fail to satisfy the needs of consumers, respond effectively to their complaints, or provide services to their satisfaction, its reputation and the loyalty of its customers could be negatively affected. As a result, Kaixin may lose customers or experience a decrease in business volume, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. Kaixin does not directly supervise the services provided by its dealerships and their personnel and may not be able to successfully maintain and improve the quality of their services. Dealerships may also fail to implement sufficient control over their sales, maintenance and other personnel. In addition, Kaixin has developed an affiliated network dealer model pursuant to which Kaixin sources and markets used cars in its Dealerships under profit-sharing arrangements with third parties who provide these vehicles to it. Kaixin has little control over the actions of these dealers, which we refer to as Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealers in this annual report, and their failure to comply with laws or ethical business practices may harm Kaixin’s reputation or results of operations. As a result of the conduct of Dealerships or Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealers, Kaixin may suffer financial losses, incur liabilities and suffer reputational damage. In addition, while violation of laws and regulations by dealerships and Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealers has not led to any material claims against Kaixin in the past, there can be no assurance that such a claim will not arise in the future which may harm Kaixin’s brand or reputation or have other adverse impacts.

In August 2018, a notice from the Shandong Luokou police bureau was placed at the location of our Ji’nan dealership. This notice stated that there is an ongoing investigation concerning the dealership premises, and relevant persons must cooperate with the investigation. We understand that the investigation concerns an individual who holds 30% of the Ji’nan dealership’s equity interests, and not the Ji’nan dealership itself. However, because of the co-location of certain business and assets by the Ji’nan dealership and its 30% minority shareholder, further, we have determined that it is more likely than not that we cannot enforce the realization of inventory value and that suppliers to the Ji’nan dealership are unable to fulfill their contract obligations by either delivering vehicles or returning money to Kaixin due to the ongoing investigation, Kaixin had written off all inventory and advances to suppliers of the Ji’nan dealership, which totaled US$5.7 million and US$16.1 million respectively in 2018. This dealership has ceased operations pending the resolution of the legal proceedings and the 14 dealerships in Kaixin’s network do not include the Ji’nan dealership. Kaixin transferred the equity interests in the Ji’nan dealership and the related assets to a wholly-owned subsidiary of our company in December 2018. In addition, government proceedings and litigation, as well as negative publicity surrounding this incident, could divert management attention and adversely affect our operating results.

In 2019, due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders of Kaixin on operational matters, some non-controlling shareholders illegally detained Kaixin’s inventories in its Dealerships and significant uncertainty arises on the realizability and collectability of the prepayments to purchase used cars for these Dealerships and amounts due from these non-controlling shareholders. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more information.

Further, suspension or termination of a Dealership’s or a Dealership Outlet’s services in a particular geographic area may cause interruption to or failure in Kaixin’s services in the corresponding geographic area. A Dealership operator may suspend or terminate his or her services or cooperation with Kaixin for various reasons, many of which are outside Kaixin’s control. For example, due to the intense competition in its industry, existing Dealerships may choose to discontinue their cooperation with Kaixin and work with its competitors instead. Kaixin may not be able to promptly replace its Dealerships or find alternative ways serve their geographic areas in a timely, reliable and cost-effective manner, or at all. As a result of any service disruptions associated with dealerships, customer satisfaction, brand, reputation, operations and financial performance may be materially and adversely affected.

Kaixin may not be able to successfully expand or maintain its network of Dealerships.

As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin had a network of 14 Dealerships. Kaixin has not expanded its network since May 2018. Kaixin’s Dealership network is a foundation of its platform, and Kaixin relies on its Dealerships in providing services to car buyers and financial institutions. Kaixin plans to expand its Dealership network as its business grows. As China is a large and diverse market, business practices and demands may vary significantly by region and Kaixin’s experience in the markets in which it currently operates may not be applicable in other parts of China. As a result, Kaixin may not be able to leverage its experience to expand its Dealership network into other parts of China. Furthermore, Kaixin’s efforts to expand into new geographical markets and attract new dealers to its platform may impose considerable burden on its sales, marketing and general managerial resources. If Kaixin is unable to manage its expansion efforts effectively, if Kaixin’s expansion efforts take longer than planned or if costs for these efforts exceed Kaixin’s expectations, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Further, Kaixin may have difficulty managing its relationships with its Dealership operators once they have earned the share payouts to which they are entitled to. Pursuant to Kaixin’s equity purchase agreements with Dealership operators, they are entitled to payment of consideration in Kaixin’s ordinary shares based on the Dealerships’ performance over five 12-month performance benchmark periods. Following the completion of these performance benchmark periods, Kaixin may need to enter into new arrangements with its dealership operators in order to strengthen its relationships with them and incentivize their performance or begin to directly operate its Dealerships, notwithstanding Kaixin’s ownership and operational control over its Dealerships. For additional information, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Certain Legal Arrangements—Legal Arrangements with Dealerships.”

Renren is obligated to make future issuances of Kaixin’s ordinary shares held by Renren to the partners who operate its Dealerships.

Pursuant to Kaixin’s equity purchase agreements with the original sellers of its Dealerships, Kaixin was obligated to make certain payments of its ordinary shares to such sellers, who have retained a minority interest in the special purpose holding entity of its Dealerships. In connection with our Kaixin Offering, we have agreed to bear the obligation with respect to the contingent share consideration due to Dealership operators and indemnify Kaixin for related liabilities.

As of December 31, 2019, we carried short-term and long-term contingent consideration with a fair value amounting to US$0.2 million and US$0.8 million, respectively. Our minimum payment obligation is 4.2 million Kaixin ordinary shares. Kaixin may enter into similar agreements in the future in connection with the expansion of its business, which could result in dilution to Kaixin’s ordinary shareholders. For additional information, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Certain Legal Arrangements—Legal Arrangements with Dealerships Partners.”

Other dealers with which Kaixin’s Dealerships may in the future collaborate could take actions that could harm Kaixin’s business and that of its Dealerships.

Although Kaixin currently owns all existing Dealership Outlets and no such arrangements have been entered into to date, Kaixin may in the future permit Dealership operators to develop and operate other Dealership Outlets in their defined geographic areas in collaboration with other unrelated third parties. In such event, certain Dealership operators may elect to cooperate with third parties to develop and operate Dealership Outlets in the geographic area covered by the relevant agreement. Although Kaixin’s existing Dealership agreements contractually obligate Dealerships to operate in accordance with specified standards, including synchronization of their operations with the wider Kaixin platform and integration with its Dealer SaaS system. However, Kaixin may not be a party to any agreements between its Dealership operators and their third-party partners. As a result, Kaixin would be dependent upon Dealership operators to enforce these standards with respect to these additional dealerships and more broadly, to ensure their success. As a result, Kaixin would depend on the Dealership operators for the ultimate success and quality of any additional location. If any such additional Dealership Outlets are not successfully operated in a manner consistent with standards required by Kaixin, their performance, the performance of its Dealerships and ultimately, the performance of Kaixin could be adversely affected and Kaixin’s brand image and reputation may be harmed, which could materially and adversely affect Kaixin’s business and operating results.

Any difficulties in identifying, consummating and integrating acquisitions, investments or alliances may expose Kaixin to potential risks and have an adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Kaixin has in the past made and may in the future seek to make acquisitions and investments and enter into strategic alliances to further expand its business. If presented with appropriate opportunities, Kaixin may acquire additional businesses, services, resources, or assets, including auto dealerships, that are accretive to its core business. There can be no assurance that Kaixin will always be able to complete such acquisitions successfully or on terms acceptable to it. Integration of acquired entities or assets into its business may not be successful and may prevent Kaixin from expanding into new services, customer segments or operating locations. This could significantly affect the expected benefits of these acquisitions. Moreover, the integration of any acquired entities or assets into Kaixin’s operations could require significant attention from its management. The diversion of the attention of Kaixin’s management and any difficulties encountered in any integration process could have an adverse effect on its ability to manage its business.

Kaixin’s possible future acquisitions of auto dealerships, other acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances may also expose it to other potential risks, including risks associated with unforeseen or hidden liabilities, the diversion of resources from its existing businesses and technologies, its inability to generate sufficient revenues to offset the costs, expenses of acquisitions and potential loss of, or harm to, relationships with Dealerships, employees, customers as a result of its integration of new businesses. In addition, Kaixin may recognize impairment losses on goodwill arising from its acquisitions. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on Kaixin’s ability to manage its business, its financial condition and our results of operations.

The quality of the premium used automobiles Kaixin offers is critical to the success of its business.

Kaixin offers a wide selection of premium used cars for sale at its Dealerships. Kaixin has implemented high standards for the used car inventory it offers for sale and only offers for sale vehicles that pass its thorough inspection process consisting of over 140 steps. Kaixin does not offer for sale vehicles in poor condition or vehicles with a history of accidents, water or fire damage, extensive mileage or other unacceptable attributes. However, there can be no assurance that these inspections and other measures will be effective, and there is a risk that the vehicles offered for sale on Kaixin’s platform could have defects. As a result, Kaixin and its Dealerships are exposed to product liability claims relating to personal injury or property damage and may require product recalls or other actions. Third parties subject to such injury or damage may bring claims or legal proceedings against Kaixin or its Dealerships as a result of the sale of such products.

In addition, Kaixin has developed an affiliated network dealer model pursuant to which Kaixin sources and markets used cars at Dealerships under profit-sharing arrangements with third parties who provide these vehicles. Although Kaixin screens and recondition these vehicles according to the same procedures that Kaixin applies to its other used vehicles, Kaixin may have less control of the inventory sourced through this model and faces risks related to the activities of Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealers with whom it cooperates. Any defects in the used or new cars Kaixin offers for sale, whether or not they are actually sold to customers, could have a material and adverse impact on Kaixin’s reputation, results of operation and financial condition.

Kaixin’s success depends upon the continued contributions of its salespeople.

Kaixin’s salespeople, who are primarily employed by its Dealerships, are a driving force behind its success. Kaixin believes that one factor that distinguishes it is its culture centered on valuing all salespeople. Any failure to maintain this culture or to continue recruiting, developing and retaining the salespeople that drive Kaixin’s success could have a material adverse effect on its business, sales and results of operations. Kaixin also faces risks related to the loyalty of its salespeople. Referrals of leads by salespeople to friends or others in side deals is a common phenomenon in its industry in China, and if Kaixin’s salespeople seek to profit themselves personally at Kaixin’s expense, this could hurt its business and results of operations. Kaixin’s ability to recruit salespeople while controlling related costs is subject to numerous external and internal factors, including unemployment levels, prevailing wage rates, growth plans, changes in employment legislation, and competition for qualified employees in the industry and regions in which Kaixin operates. This competition is especially fierce for qualified service technicians. Kaixin’s ability to recruit salespeople while controlling related costs is also subject to its ability to maintain positive employee relations. If Kaixin is unable to do so, or if, despite its efforts, becomes subject to successful unionization efforts, it could increase costs, limit Kaixin’s ability to respond to competitive threats and have a material adverse effect on its business, sales and results of operations.

Kaixin’s success also depends upon the continued contributions of its Dealerships and its regional and corporate management teams. Consequently, the loss of the services of any of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations. In addition, an inability to build its management bench strength to support growth could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations.

Kaixin relies on a limited number of financial institutions to fund the consumer auto financing transactions it facilitates, and any adverse change in its relationships with such financial institutions may materially and adversely impact Kaixin’s business and results of operations.

Kaixin relies on a limited number of financial institutions to fund financing transactions to car buyers. Loans from Ping An Bank accounted for a majority of the loans it facilitated to consumers through Kaixin’s consumer auto loan financing facilitation business in 2019. Kaixin’s cooperation agreement with Ping An Bank expired on June 30, 2020, and there is no current plan to renew the agreement in the near term. Kaixin has also entered into an agreement with another major financing partner and anticipates that financing from it will comprise a substantial proportion of the financing facilitated by Kaixin’s platform in the future. The availability of funding from financial institutions depends on many factors, some of which are out of Kaixin’s control. Customers who enter into financing arrangements may fail to effectively pledge their purchased cars as collateral in connection with the financing arrangements. In addition, delinquencies by Kaixin’s customers may also cause financing partners to limit or terminate their relationships with it. For further information as to Kaixin’s arrangements with these financial institutions, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Certain Legal Arrangements—Legal Arrangements with Financial Institutions.” There can be no assurance that Kaixin will be able to rely on such funding arrangements in the future or that it would be able to replace its financing partners in the event they cease their relationship with it. Although Kaixin continues to identify new financial institutions to collaborate with, there can be no assurance that Kaixin will be able to diversify the financial institutions it collaborates with in the future. Given Kaixin’s current dependence on relatively small number of financial institutions, if its relationship with any such institution or their channel partners deteriorates, if any such financial institution determines not to collaborate with Kaixin or limits the funding that is available for financing transactions facilitated by Kaixin, or if any such financial institution encounters liquidity issues in general, Kaixin’s business and financial condition and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Further, financing institutions that Kaixin works with can significantly influence the terms of Kaixin’s consumer auto finance loans, including the interest rates, term and collateral provisions, and Kaixin has little influence over these terms. In order to maintain and foster its cooperation with these financing institutions, Kaixin may have to accommodate demands that they may impose on it in the future. Such demands and requirements may increase costs to Kaixin, weaken its connection with customers, or even be disruptive to its existing auto loan financing facilitation business. In addition, financing institutions that Kaixin works with also cooperate with certain of Kaixin’s competitors and, as a result, may have interests which are adverse or in conflict with Kaixin’s, which could harm Kaixin’s business and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, Kaixin’s ability to collaborate with financial institutions may become subject to new regulatory limitations, as the laws and regulations governing the automotive finance industry in the PRC continue to evolve. In the event there is a sudden or unexpected shortage of funds from financial institutions Kaixin collaborates with or if they experience disruption to their operations for any reason, Kaixin’s ability to serve car buyers will be adversely affected. Kaixin may from time to time experience constraints as to the availability of funds from financial institutions, especially as its business continues to grow and the need for funding increases. Such constraints may affect user experience, including by limiting the approval of customers’ credit applications. Such limitations may also restrain the growth of Kaixin’s business. Any prolonged constraint as to the availability of funds from financial institutions may also harm Kaixin’s reputation or result in negative perception of the services it offers, thereby decreasing the willingness of prospective car buyers to seek automotive financing solutions offered by its partners or the willingness of dealers and other platform participants to collaborate with Kaixin.

Kaixin may need additional capital to pursue its business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, and financing may not be available on terms acceptable to Kaixin, or at all.

Kaixin has historically relied on us to support its operations, the expansion of its Dealerships and the growth of its business, as well as certain third party financing sources, including financial institutions. As Kaixin intends to continue to make investments to support the growth of its business, it may require additional capital to pursue its business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including increasing the number of cars it sells, developing new solutions and services, increasing its sales and marketing expenditures to improve brand awareness and engage car buyers through expanded online channels, enhancing Kaixin’s operating infrastructure and acquiring complementary businesses and technologies. However, additional funds may not be available when Kaixin needs them, on terms that are acceptable to it, or at all.

Repayment of debt may divert a substantial portion of cash flow to repay principal and service interest on such debt, which would reduce the funds available for expenses, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes; and Kaixin may suffer default and foreclosure on its assets if Kaixin’s operating cash flow is insufficient to service debt obligations, which could in turn result in acceleration of obligations to repay the indebtedness and limit Kaixin’s sources of financing.

Volatility in the credit markets may also have an adverse effect on Kaixin’s ability to obtain debt financing. If Kaixin raises additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our ownership interest in Kaixin could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities Kaixin issues could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to ours. If Kaixin is unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to it when Kaixin requires it, Kaixin’s ability to continue to pursue its business objectives, fund its Dealerships and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

We have significant credit exposure to a related party.

Approximately 40.6% of our total assets as of December 31, 2019 is comprised of a note that was issued to Renren by Oak Pacific Investment in June 2018. The principal amount of the note was US$90,000,000, the interest rate was 8% per year, and the term was the earlier of five years and the date upon which Oak Pacific Investment and its subsidiaries no longer hold any shares of Social Finance Inc. In March 2019, the interest rate was increased to 8.5% per year in connection with a refinancing of Oak Pacific Investment’s debt obligations. Oak Pacific Investment prepaid US$10 million to our company in December 2019 and another US$4 million to our company in March 2020. The amount owed to us under the note is approximately US$90.3 million as of April 30, 2020. This note is junior to certain other notes issued by Oak Pacific Investment.

Oak Pacific Investment was formerly our wholly-owned subsidiary and is now a privately held company. Our chief executive officer Joseph Chen and our chief operating officer James Jian Liu each hold the same position in Oak Pacific Investment. Mr. Chen is also the second largest shareholder in Oak Pacific Investment. Oak Pacific Investment holds a large portfolio of shares in a variety of early-stage and late-stage pre-IPO companies that we had previously owned and managed. In June 2018, we disposed of Oak Pacific Investment in a series of transactions. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—The OPI Transaction” for more information.

If Oak Pacific Investment is unable to repay the note when it comes due, our financial position will be materially adversely affected.

Kaixin operates in a highly competitive industry. Failure to develop and execute strategies to maintain its market position and to adapt to the increasing use of the internet to market, buy, sell and finance used vehicles could adversely affect its business, sales and results of operations.

Automotive retailing is a highly competitive and highly fragmented industry in China. Kaixin’s competition includes publicly and privately owned used and new car dealers and online and mobile sales platforms, as well as millions of private individuals. Competitors buy and sell the same or similar makes of vehicles that Kaixin offers in the same or similar markets at competitive prices.

Retail Competition. Some of Kaixin’s competitors have announced plans for rapid expansion, including into markets where Kaixin operates, and some of them have begun to execute those plans. If Kaixin fails to respond effectively to its retail competitors, it could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations.

Online Sales and Facilitation. Although mobile apps and online marketing are important to Kaixin’s own business model, Kaixin’s competitors’ increasing use of the internet to market, buy and sell used vehicles and to provide vehicle financing could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s sales and results of operations. Emerging competitors using online focused business models, both for direct sales and consumer-to-consumer facilitation, could materially impact Kaixin’s current business model. The online availability of used vehicle information from other sources, including pricing information, could make it more difficult for Kaixin to differentiate its offerings from competitors’ offerings, could result in lower-than-expected retail margins, and could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations. In addition, Kaixin’s competitive standing is affected by companies, including search engines and online classified sites, that are not direct competitors but that may direct online traffic to the websites of competing automotive retailers. The increasing activities of these companies could make it more difficult for Kaixin to attract users to its mobile app. These companies could also make it more difficult for Kaixin to otherwise market its vehicles online.

The increasing use of the internet to facilitate consumers’ purchases and sales of their current vehicles could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s ability to source vehicles, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on its vehicle acquisition costs and results of operations. For example, certain websites provide online appraisal tools to consumers that generate offers and facilitate purchases by dealers other than Kaixin.

In addition to the direct competition and increasing use of the internet described above, there are companies that sell software and data solutions to used and new car dealers to enable those dealers to, among other things, more efficiently source and price inventory. Although these companies do not compete with Kaixin, the increasing use of such products by dealers who compete with Kaixin could reduce the relative competitive advantage of Kaixin’s internally developed proprietary systems.

If Kaixin fails to respond effectively to competitive pressures or to changes in the used vehicle marketplace, it could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations.

Kaixin operates in an evolving and fast-changing market.

The automotive retail market, including the consumer automotive finance market, in the PRC is highly dynamic and is at an early stage of development. While it has undergone significant growth in the past few years, there is no assurance that it can continue to grow as rapidly. As part of its business, Kaixin offers retail auto sales of premium used vehicles, financing, including consumer loans provided by its financing partners, automobile insurance providers and value-added services to various participants in the automotive transaction value chain, including dealers, financial institutions, car buyers, service providers and other industry participants. Helping more industry participants to recognize the value of Kaixin’s services in a rapidly evolving market is critical to increasing the number and amount of used cars and other transactions Kaixin completes and to the success of its business.

You should consider Kaixin’s business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges it encounters or may encounter given the rapidly evolving market in which it operates and its limited operating history. These risks and challenges include Kaixin’s ability to, among other things:

	·	source, market and sell used and new automobiles in substantial volumes and on favorable terms;

	·	effectively manage and expand its network of Dealerships;

	·	facilitate automotive financing to a growing number of car buyers;

	·	maintain and enhance its relationships and business collaboration with dealers, financial institutions and other platform participants;

	·	charge competitive service fees to platform participants while driving the growth and profitability of its business;

	·	improve its operational efficiency;

	·	attract, retain and motivate talented employees, particularly sales and marketing and technology personnel to support its business growth;

	·	adapt to technological change, such as the development of autonomous vehicles, new products and services, new business models and new methods of travel;

	·	enhance its technology infrastructure to support the growth of its business and maintain the security of its system and the confidentiality of the information provided and collected across its system;

	·	navigate economic conditions and fluctuations;

	·	implement its business strategies, including the offering of new services; and

	·	defend itself against legal and regulatory actions, such as actions involving intellectual property or data privacy claims.

If Kaixin is unable to adapt to any of these factors in its rapidly evolving market, its business and performance and our results of operations could suffer.

Kaixin’s success depends on its ability to attract prospective car buyers.

The growth of Kaixin’s business depends on its ability to attract prospective car buyers. Kaixin primarily purchases car models that it believes are reliable, reasonably priced and appealing to car buyers in lower-tier cities. Kaixin prices cars based on its insights derived from automotive transaction data associated with the facilitation of automotive financing solutions as well as data from other automotive transactions. Kaixin has limited experience in the purchase of cars for sale, and there is no assurance that Kaixin will be able to do so effectively. Demand for the type of cars that Kaixin purchases can change significantly between the time the cars are purchased and the time of sale. In addition, the models offered by Kaixin’s Dealerships may not be popular among prospective car buyers, which could materially and adversely affect Kaixin’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Demand may be affected by new car launches, changes in the pricing of such cars, defects, changes in consumer preference and other factors. Kaixin may also need to adopt more aggressive pricing strategies for the cars it purchases than originally anticipated to stoke consumer demand. Kaixin faces inventory risk in connection with the cars purchased, including the risk of inventory obsolescence, decline in value, and significant inventory write-downs or write-offs. If Kaixin were to adopt more aggressive pricing strategies, its profit margin may be negatively affected as well. Kaixin may also face increasing costs associated with the storage of inventory. Any of the above may materially and adversely affect Kaixin’s financial condition and results of operations.

In order to expand Kaixin’s base of car buyers, it must continue to invest significant resources in the development of new solutions and services and build its relationships with financial institutions, auto dealers and other platform participants. Kaixin’s ability to successfully launch, operate and expand its solutions and services and to improve user experience to attract prospective car buyers depends on many factors, including its ability to anticipate and effectively respond to the changing interests and preferences of car buyers, anticipate and respond to changes in the competitive landscape, and develop and offer solutions and services that address the needs of car buyers on Kaixin’s platform. If Kaixin’s efforts in these regards are unsuccessful, its base of car buyers may not increase at the rate Kaixin anticipates, and it may even decrease. As a result, Kaixin’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, in order to attract prospective car buyers, Kaixin must also devote significant resources to enhancing the experience of car buyers on its platform on an ongoing basis. Kaixin must enhance the functionality and ensure the reliability of its platform. If Kaixin fails to provide superior customer service or address complaints of car buyers on its platform in a timely manner, it may fail to attract prospective car buyers to use its solutions and services, and the number of financing transactions it facilitates may decline.

In the meantime, Kaixin also seeks to maintain its relationships with existing car buyers and cross-sell new solutions and services, such as insurance and wealth management products. However, there can be no assurance that Kaixin will be able to maintain or deepen such relationships.

The growth of our business relies on our branding efforts and these efforts may not be successful.

Kaixin Auto brand was newly launched in the first half of 2018 and Kaixin believes that an important component of its growth will be the growth of visitors to its website and Dealerships. Because Kaixin Auto is a consumer brand, brand visibility is critical for its engagement with potential customers. Kaixin currently advertises through a blend of brand and direct advertising channels with the goal of increasing the strength, recognition and trust in the Kaixin Auto brand and driving more unique visitors to its website. Kaixin recorded selling and marketing expenses of approximately US$10.7 million, US$24.1 million and US$14.4 million in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Kaixin’s business model relies on its ability to scale rapidly and to appropriately manage customer acquisition costs as it grows. If Kaixin is unable to establish a strong and trusted brand and recover its marketing costs through increases in customer traffic and in the number of transactions by users of its platform, or if its broad marketing campaigns are not successful or are terminated, it could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s growth, results of operations and financial condition.

We have disposed of the right to use the Renren brand to the purchaser of our social networking services business, which represents a strategic shift of our operations where we will no longer focus on social networking services business. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Sale of SNS Business.”

Any harm to Kaixin’s brand or reputation or any damage to the reputation of third parties or failure to enhance Kaixin’s brand recognition could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and growth prospects.

Enhancing the recognition and reputation of Kaixin’s brand is critical to its business and competitiveness. Factors that are vital to this objective include but are not limited to Kaixin’s ability to:

	·	maintain the quality and reliability of its platform;

	·	maintain and develop relationships with auto dealers and financial institutions;

	·	provide prospective car buyers and existing car buyers with superior experiences;

	·	effectively manage and resolve any complaints of car buyers, auto dealers Kaixin works with or financial institutions; and

	·	effectively protect personal information and privacy of car buyers and any sensitive data received from financial institutions.

Any malicious or inadvertent negative allegations made by the media or other parties about the foregoing or other aspects of Kaixin, including but not limited to its management, business, compliance with law, financial condition or prospects, whether with or without merit, could severely hurt Kaixin’s reputation and harm its business and results of operations.

Negative publicity about China’s automotive finance industry in general may also have a negative impact on Kaixin’s reputation, regardless of whether Kaixin has engaged in any inappropriate activities. Furthermore, any negative development in the automotive retailing industry, such as bankruptcies or failures of platforms providing automotive retailing services, and especially a large number of such bankruptcies or failures, or negative perception of the industry as a whole, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could compromise Kaixin’s image, undermine the trust and credibility it has established and impose a negative impact on its ability to attract new dealers, financial institutions, car buyers and other platform participants. Negative developments in the automotive retailing industry may also lead to tightened regulatory scrutiny of the sector and limit the scope of permissible business activities that may be conducted by companies like Kaixin. If any of the foregoing takes place, Kaixin’s business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Kaixin collaborates with various automotive transaction industry participants in providing its solutions and services. Such participants include dealers, financial institutions, sales agents, insurance brokers and companies and other business partners. Negative publicity about such counterparties, including any failure by them to adequately protect the personal information of car buyers, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to otherwise meet required quality and service standards could harm Kaixin’s reputation.

Kaixin relies in part on internet search engines, social networking sites and third-party automotive sales platforms to help drive traffic to its website and mobile app, and if it fails to appear prominently in the search results or fails to drive traffic through paid advertising, its user traffic may decline and its business would be adversely affected.

Kaixin depends in part on internet search engines, social networking sites and third-party auto sales platforms to drive traffic to its website and mobile app. Kaixin’s ability to maintain and increase the number of visitors directed to its website and mobile app is not entirely within its control. Kaixin’s competitors may increase their search optimization efforts and outbid Kaixin for search terms on various search engines, resulting in their websites receiving a higher search result page ranking than Kaixin’s. Additionally, internet search engines and third-party auto sales platforms could revise their methodologies in a way that would adversely affect Kaixin’s search result rankings. If internet search engines and third-party auto sales platforms modify their search algorithms in ways that are detrimental to Kaixin, or if competitors’ efforts are more successful than Kaixin’s, overall growth in its customer base could slow or its customer base could decline. Internet search engine providers could display automotive dealer and pricing information directly to users in search results, align with Kaixin’s competitors or choose to develop competing services. Kaixin expects that its website and mobile app will experience fluctuations in search result rankings in the future. Any reduction in the number of users directed to Kaixin’s website and mobile app through internet search engines, social networking sites and third-party auto sales platforms could harm its business and operating results.

Kaixin’s ability to grow its complementary product and service offerings may be limited, which could negatively impact its growth rate, revenues and financial performance.

If Kaixin introduces or expands additional offerings for its platform, such as services or products involving new cars, financing, leasing or detailing, it may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter these markets successfully. Kaixin’s expansion into these markets will place it in competitive and regulatory environments with which it is unfamiliar and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years, if at all. In attempting to establish new service or product offerings, Kaixin expects to incur significant expenses and face various other challenges, such as expanding its customer service and management personnel to cover these markets and complying with complicated regulations that apply to these markets. In addition, Kaixin may not successfully demonstrate the value of these complementary products and services to consumers, and failure to do so would compromise its ability to successfully expand into these additional streams of revenues. Any of these risks, if realized, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The automotive retail industry in general and Kaixin’s business in particular are sensitive to economic conditions. These conditions could adversely affect our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.

Kaixin is subject to national and regional economic conditions. These conditions include, but are not limited to, recession, inflation, interest rates, unemployment levels, gasoline prices, consumer credit availability, consumer credit delinquency and loss rates, personal discretionary spending levels, and consumer sentiment about the economy in general. These conditions and the economy in general could be affected by significant national or international events such as acts of terrorism. When these economic conditions worsen or stagnate, it can have a material adverse effect on consumer demand for vehicles generally, on demand from particular consumer categories or demand for particular vehicle types. It can also negatively impact availability of credit to finance vehicle purchases for all or certain categories of consumers. This could result in lower sales, decreased margins on units sold, and decreased profits for Kaixin’s business. Worsening or stagnating economic conditions can also have a material adverse effect on the supply of premium used vehicles, as automotive manufacturers produce fewer new vehicles and consumers retain their current vehicles for longer periods of time. This could result in increased costs to acquire used vehicle inventory and decreased margins on units sold.

Any significant change or deterioration in economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales, results of operations and financial condition. See also “—Our business has been and is likely to continue to be materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China.”

Kaixin’s ability to operate and grow its platform depends in substantial part on its ability to access data and other resources that are available from a limited number of third parties.

In order to deliver the full functionality offered by Kaixin’s platform, including its Dealer SaaS system which empowers its Dealerships in their operations and connects them to other platform participants, Kaixin needs continued access to sources of used auto market information. Much of this information is available only from a limited number of databases and other third parties, including Kaixin’s competitors.

Kaixin has developed various processes to obtain data from certain sources of used car market information and other third parties. In certain cases, Kaixin has entered into arrangements with parties who provide it with raw market data for use in its systems. The terms of the arrangements under which Kaixin has access to such data vary, which can impact the offering Kaixin is able to deliver. For instance, many agreements have terms that limit Kaixin’s access to and permitted uses of listing, sales or pricing data. In addition, Kaixin relies on tools to gather publicly available information for use in its proprietary data systems.

The third parties with whom Kaixin currently contracts for data may, in the future, change their position and limit or eliminate Kaixin’s access to data and resources, increase the costs for access, provide data and resources to it in more limited or less useful formats, or restrict Kaixin’s permitted uses of data and resources. There can also be no assurance that the publicly available data Kaixin collects and utilizes will continue to be available or that the tools Kaixin uses to collect the data will continue to be able to gather and format the data appropriately or at all. Failure to continue to maintain and expand Kaixin’s access to suitable pricing, listing and other data and resources may adversely impact its ability to continue to serve its Dealerships and other platform participants and expand its offering to new customers.

If Kaixin’s access to the data and resources necessary to support its platform is eliminated or reduced or becomes more costly to it, Kaixin’s ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow its business could be impaired and its operating results would suffer.

Kaixin’s business generates and processes a large quantity of data, and improper handling of or unauthorized access to such data may adversely affect its business.

Kaixin faces risks related to complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure and security of personal information, as well as any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to such data. For instance, Kaixin’s Dealer SaaS system utilizes and generates substantial volumes of data on consumers and dealers, and Kaixin and its Dealerships rely on it for their operations and inventory management. These data include the information customers provide when purchasing a vehicle and applying for vehicle financing. In the event that Kaixin experienced a failure of its information systems, its operations and financial performance could be materially harmed, and if the information were accessed by third parties or publicized without authorization, its reputation or competitive position could suffer.

The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection has continued to evolve. There are uncertainties on how certain laws and regulations will be implemented in practice. PRC regulators have been increasingly focused on regulating data security and data protection. Kaixin expects that these areas will receive greater attention from regulators, as well as attract public scrutiny and attention going forward. This greater attention, scrutiny and enforcement, including more frequent inspections, could increase Kaixin’s compliance costs and subject it to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If Kaixin is unable to manage these risks, its reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. For further details please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Information Security.”

Kaixin also grants limited access to specified data on its technology platform to certain other parties, such as its Dealerships. Kaixin’s Dealerships face the same challenges and risks inherent in handling and protecting large volumes of data. Any system failure or security breach or lapse on Kaixin’s part or on the part of any of such third parties that results in the release of user data, or failure to respond thereto, could harm Kaixin’s reputation and brand and, consequently, its business, in addition to exposing it to potential legal liability.

In addition, Kaixin may become subject to additional laws in other jurisdictions. The laws, rules and regulations of other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and Europe, may impose more stringent or conflicting requirements and penalties than those in China, compliance with which could require significant resources and costs. Any failure, or perceived failure, by Kaixin to comply with any regulatory requirements or privacy protection-related laws, rules and regulations could result in proceedings or actions against Kaixin by governmental entities or others. These proceedings or actions could subject Kaixin to significant penalties and negative publicity, require it to change its business practices, increase its costs and severely disrupt its business.

We rely on sophisticated information systems to run our business. The failure of these systems, any service disruptions or outages, or the inability to enhance our capabilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.

Our business and reputation are dependent upon the performance, reliability, availability, integrity and efficient operation of our information systems. In particular, Kaixin relies on its information systems to manage sales, inventory, its customer-facing websites and applications, including its mobile app, consumer financing and customer information. Kaixin also relies on its big data analytics to review and analyze data from across its platform and assist in its corporate and operational decision-making. There is no assurance that we will be able to protect our platform and computer systems against, among other things, damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, software errors, bugs or defects, configuration errors, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks, security breaches, hacking attempts or criminal acts at all times. In the event of a service disruption or outage on our platform or in our computer systems, we may not be able to operate Kaixin’s Dealer SaaS system and facilitate loans and our computer systems may not be able to store, retrieve, process and manage data may be adversely affected. For example, we may experience temporary service disruptions or data losses during data migrations between old and new systems or system upgrades. We may not be able to recover all data and services in the event of a service disruption or outage. Additionally, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate it for any losses that it may incur during service disruptions or outages.

Any interruption or delays in our services, whether as a result of third-party error or our own error, natural disasters or security breaches, whether accidental or willful, could harm our relationships with our customers and other platform participants and our reputation, subject us to liabilities and cause customers and other platform participants to abandon our platform, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy in the first quarter of 2020. Whether this will lead to a prolonged downturn in the economy is still unknown. Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, the global macroeconomic environment was facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy had already been slowing since 2010. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2020. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or other unauthorized access to our or our business partners’ computer systems could result in misuse of confidential information and misappropriation of funds of our customers and other platform participants, subject us to liabilities, cause reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Our platform collects, stores and processes certain personal information and other sensitive data from our customers and other platform participants. The massive data that we have processed and stored makes us and our server hosting service providers the targets of, and potentially vulnerable to, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, hackers, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins or other unauthorized access. While we have taken steps to protect such confidential information, our security measures may be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access into systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our or our server hosting service providers’ systems could cause confidential customer information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. As personally identifiable and other confidential information is subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions, inability to protect confidential information of our customers and other platform participants could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business. The Administrative Measures for the Security of the International Network of Computer Information Network, issued in December 1997 and amended in January 2011, require us to report any data or security breaches to the local offices of the PRC Ministry of Public Security within 24 hours of any such breach. The Cyber Security Law of the PRC, issued in June 2017, requires us to take immediate remedial measures when we discover that our products or services are subject to risks, such as security defects or bugs. Such remedial measures include informing our customers and other platform participants of the specific risks and reporting such risks to the relevant competent departments.

We also face indirect technology and cybersecurity risks relating to our business partners, including our third-party payment service providers who manage the transfer of customer funds. As a result of increasing consolidation and interdependence of computer systems, a technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach that significantly compromises the systems of one entity could have a material impact on our business partners. Although our agreements with third-party payment service providers provide that each party is responsible for the cybersecurity of its own systems, any cyber-attacks, computer viruses, hackers, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of such third-party payment service providers could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to serve our customers and other platform participants, and could even result in misappropriation of funds of our customers and other platform participants. If that were to occur, we and our third-party payment service providers could be held liable to customers and other platform participants who suffer losses from the misappropriation.

Kaixin’s business is sensitive to changes in the prices of used and new vehicles.

Any significant changes in retail prices for used and new vehicles could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s sales and results of operations, including its gross margin, which was 3.0% in the year ended December 31, 2017, 4.0% in the year ended December 31, 2018, and -1.6% in the year ended December 31, 2019. For example, if retail prices for used vehicles rise relative to retail prices for new vehicles, it could make buying a new vehicle more attractive to Kaixin’s customers than buying a used vehicle, which could have a material adverse effect on sales and results of operations and could result in a decrease in Kaixin’s gross margin. Manufacturer incentives could contribute to narrowing this price gap. Kaixin’s new car sales would also be affected by changes in the price of new cars, both in terms of consumer sensitivity to prices as well as Kaixin’s margins on such sales.

Kaixin’s business is sensitive to conditions affecting automotive manufacturers, including manufacturer recalls.

Adverse conditions affecting one or more automotive manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s sales and results of operations and could impact the supply of vehicles, including the supply of new and used vehicles. In addition, manufacturer recalls are a common occurrence that have accelerated in frequency and scope in recent years. Because Kaixin does not have manufacturer authorization to complete recall-related repairs, some vehicles it sells may have unrepaired safety defects. Such recalls, and Kaixin’s lack of authorization to make recall-related repairs, could adversely affect used vehicle sales or valuations, could cause it to temporarily remove vehicles from inventory, could force Kaixin to incur increased costs and could expose it to litigation and adverse publicity related to the sale of recalled vehicles, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, sales and results of operations.

Kaixin’s business is dependent upon access to vehicle inventory. Obstacles to acquiring inventory, whether because of supply, competition, or other factors, or a failure to expeditiously liquidate that inventory could have a material adverse effect on its business, sales and results of operations.

Kaixin’s purchases of used vehicles are based in large part on projected demand, aided by its big data analytics. Kaixin’s average inventory turnover was 45 days in 2019. A reduction in the availability of or access to sources of inventory could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations. Although the supply of premium used vehicles has been increasing, there can be no assurance that this trend will continue or that it will benefit Kaixin.

As Kaixin’s business is dependent on its appraisal of the value of inventory it purchases, if it fails to adjust appraisal offers to stay in line with broader market trade-in offer trends, or fails to recognize those trends, or if its appraisal process is not accurate, it could adversely affect Kaixin’s ability to acquire inventory. Kaixin’s appraisal process could also be affected by competition, both from used and new car dealers directly and through third-party websites driving appraisal traffic to those dealers. See “—Kaixin operates in a highly competitive industry. Failure to develop and execute strategies to maintain its market position and to adapt to the increasing use of the internet to market, buy, sell and finance used vehicles could adversely affect its business, sales and results of operations” for additional discussion of this risk. Kaixin’s ability to source vehicles from third-party auctions could be affected by an increase in the number of closed auctions that are open only to new car dealers who have franchise relationships with automotive manufacturers. An over-supply of used vehicle inventory will generally cause downward pressure on Kaixin’s product sales prices and margins and increase its average days to sale.

Kaixin also sources a portion of its vehicles through its Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer model, in which it relies on third-party partners, such as individuals or small dealerships, to acquire used cars. Kaixin has historically recognized limited other revenues from consignment sale arrangements with other used car dealers. Kaixin may be unable to maintain relationships with these third parties or may experience issues with the vehicles they provide to it, each of which could harm its business, sales and results of operations.

Used vehicle inventory has typically represented a significant portion of Kaixin’s total assets. Having such a large portion of Kaixin’s total assets in the form of used vehicle inventory for an extended period of time subjects it to depreciation and other risks that affect its results of operations. Accordingly, if Kaixin has excess inventory or its average days to sale increases, it may be unable to liquidate such inventory at prices that allow it to meet margin targets or to recover its costs, which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.

Changes in international trade policies and international barriers to trade may have an adverse effect on our business and expansion plans.

Changes to trade policies, treaties and tariffs in the jurisdictions in which we operate, or the perception that these changes could occur, could adversely affect the financial and economic conditions in China, our financial condition and results of operations. For example, the current U.S. administration has advocated greater restrictions on trade generally and significant increases in tariffs on goods imported into the United States, particularly from China, and has recently taken other steps toward restricting trade in certain goods. The current U.S. administration has created uncertainty with respect to, among other things, existing and proposed trade agreements, free trade generally, and potential significant increases on tariffs on goods imported into the U.S., particularly from China.

In addition, China may alter its trade policies, including in response to any new trade policies, treaties and tariffs implemented by the United States or other jurisdictions, which could include restrictions on the import of used vehicles into China. Such policy retaliations could also ultimately result in further trade policy responses by the United States and other countries, and result in an escalation leading to a trade war, which would have an adverse effect on manufacturing levels, trade levels and industries, including automotive sales and other businesses and services that rely on trade, commerce and manufacturing. Any such escalation in trade tensions or a trade war could affect the cost of Kaixin’s inventory, the sales prices of used and new cars or Kaixin’s overall business performance and have a material and adverse effect on its business and results of operations. Chinese policies to relax certain import taxes, such as taxes on used and/or new cars may also impact Kaixin’s business. For instance, if import taxes and similar duties on new cars are reduced, demand for used cars could be harmed and the margins of Kaixin’s used car sales business could be negatively impacted, which could adversely affect Kaixin’s results of operations and financial condition. Increased restrictions on trade or certain other changes to trade policies could have an adverse effect on the PRC economy, the used automobile sales industry and our business and results of operations.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, share options and restricted shares under our equity incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We have adopted six equity incentive plans for Renren Inc. in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2016 and 2018. As of May 31, 2020, options to purchase a total of 177,830,848 ordinary shares of Renren Inc. were outstanding. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we recorded US$28.0 million, US$22.6 million and US$8.6 million, respectively, in share-based compensation expenses. As of December 31, 2019, we had US$9.7 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expenses relating to share options, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 2.04 years, and US$10.2 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expenses relating to non-vested restricted shares, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 4.52 years.

On August 24, 2017, our compensation committee approved a reduction in the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by our company with an exercise price higher than $0.478 per ordinary share to $0.478 per share. We accounted for this reduction as a share option modification which required the remeasurement of these share options at the time of the modification. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was US$10.4 million. The incremental cost related to vested options amounted to US$7.4 million and was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. The incremental cost related to unvested options amounted to US$3.0 million and will be recorded over the remaining service period.

On June 29, 2018, our compensation committee approved a reduction in the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by our company with an exercise price higher than US$0.0613 per ordinary share to US$0.0613 per share, representing the closing price of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, on June 21, 2018. The market price of our ADSs had fallen as a result of the payment of the special dividend that we paid in connection with the series of transactions that we carried out at that time. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—The OPI Transaction” for more information on those transactions.

On March 24, 2020, our compensation committee approved a reduction in the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by our company with an exercise price higher than US$0.0113 per ordinary share to US$0.0113 per share, representing the closing price of our ADSs on the NYSE on March 18, 2020.

We believe the granting of share options and restricted shares is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share options and restricted shares to key personnel and employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may from time to time be subject to claims, controversies, lawsuits and legal proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.

We may from time to time become subject to or involved in various claims, controversies, lawsuits, and legal proceedings. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for information about ongoing legal proceedings in which we are involved. Lawsuits and litigation may cause us to incur defense costs, utilize a significant portion of its resources and divert management’s attention from its day-to-day operations, any of which could harm its business. Any settlements or judgments against us could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, negative publicity regarding claims or judgments made against us may damage our reputation and may result in material adverse impact on us.

Our own intellectual property rights may be infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on a combination of monitoring and enforcement of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret protection laws in the PRC and other jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and procedures, to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our precautions, third parties may obtain and make unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which includes trademarks related to our brands, products and services, patent applications, registered domain names, copyrights in software and creative content, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights and licenses. Historically, the legal system and courts of the PRC have not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the legal system and courts of the United States, and companies operating in the PRC continue to face an increased risk of intellectual property infringement. Furthermore, the validity, application, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights for many internet-related activities, such as internet commercial methods patents, are uncertain and still evolving in China and abroad, which may make it more difficult for us to protect our intellectual property and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Kaixin has successfully registered the brand name “开心汽车” (which translates to “Kaixin Auto”) in class 35 for services, including promotion for others, purchase for others, providing online markets for sellers and purchasers of goods and services and marketing, which is crucial to its business. However, Kaixin has not obtained trademark registrations in other categories related but less crucial to its business, including automobile maintenance. Therefore, Kaixin may be unable to prevent any third party from using the Kaixin brand for some businesses that are the same or similar to Kaixin’s. As China has adopted a “first-to-file” trademark registration system, if trademarks similar to Kaixin’s brand have been registered in those categories that are related to Kaixin’s business, it may not be able to successfully register its brand or may even be exposed to risk of infringement with respect to third-party trademark rights. Kaixin believes that its brand is vital to its competitiveness and its ability to attract new customers. Any failure to protect these rights could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken will be sufficient to prevent any misappropriation of our intellectual properties. In addition, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

It is often difficult to maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in any such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to our competitors, or our competitors may independently discover them. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business does not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may from time to time in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without its awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.

Additionally, the application and interpretation of China’s intellectual property rights laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis or that of our counsel. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for its infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We have been and may continue to be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties for services we provide or for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our websites or distributed to our users, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects.

Internet, technology and media companies are frequently involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement of intellectual property rights, unfair competition, invasion of privacy, defamation and other violations of other parties’ rights. The validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries, particularly in China, are uncertain and still evolving. As we face increasing competition and as litigation becomes more common in China in resolving commercial disputes, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. Intellectual property claims and litigation are expensive and time-consuming to investigate and defend, and may divert resources and management attention from the operation of our business. Such claims, even if they do not result in liability, may harm our reputation. Any resulting liability or expenses, or changes required to our websites to reduce the risk of future liability, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

During the course of the audits of our consolidated financial statements, we and our independent registered public accounting firms identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to re-establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results or prevent fraud may be adversely affected, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely impacted.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, adopted rules pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We and our independent registered public accounting firm, in connection with the preparation and external audit of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, identified a material weakness related to inadequate controls designed over the accounting of significant and complex transactions to ensure that those transactions are properly accounted for in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Following the identification of the material weakness and other control deficiencies, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remedy these deficiencies. However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weakness and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remedied.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, we and our independent registered public accounting firm, in connection with our preparation and external audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, identified three material weaknesses related to (i) inadequate controls designed over the accounting of significant and complex transactions to ensure that those transactions are properly accounted for in accordance with U.S. GAAP, (ii) lack of an effective continuous risk assessment process to identify and assess the financial reporting risks, and (iii) lack of evaluations to ascertain whether the components of internal control are present and functioning. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” Measures that we implement to address these material weaknesses and other control deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting might not fully address them, and we might not be able to conclude that they have been fully remedied.

Failure to correct these material weaknesses and other control deficiencies or failure to discover and address any other control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our consolidated financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and make related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. Due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as described above, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2019. This could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our reporting processes.

Kaixin depends on third parties for supplies of spare parts and accessories.

Kaixin depends on auto manufacturers and independent local third-party suppliers for certain spare parts and accessories it sells. The success of such value-added services is dependent on these suppliers’ ability to anticipate changes in consumer tastes, preferences and requirements and deliver to Kaixin in sufficient quantities and on a timely basis a desirable, high-quality and price-competitive mix of accessories. Kaixin’s suppliers’ products may fail to meet Kaixin’s customers’ expectations due to changes of consumer preferences. Kaixin may be unable to maintain a sufficient stock. Kaixin’s suppliers may increase their prices due to increasing demand for their products from Kaixin’s competitors. Moreover, the spare parts supplied by Kaixin’s suppliers may fail to function properly and as a result, its customers may make claims against it, in which case it may be required to make repairs or pay damages. In the event of any of the above, Kaixin’s margins of these products may be affected, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The continuing and collaborative efforts of our senior management, key employees and highly skilled personnel are crucial to our success, and our business may be harmed if we were to lose their services.

Our success depends on the continuous effort and services of our experienced senior management team, in particular Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. James Jian Liu, our executive director and chief operating officer. If one or more of our executive officers or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue to provide us with their services, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all. Our business may be severely disrupted, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Competition for management and key personnel is intense and the pool of qualified candidates is limited. We may not be able to retain the services of our executive officers or key personnel, or attract and retain experienced executive officers or key personnel in the future. If any of our executive officers or key employees join a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose know-how and key professionals and staff members. Each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement with us, which contains non-competition provisions. However, if any dispute arises between us and our executive officers or key employees, these agreements may not be enforceable in China, where these executive officers and key employees reside, in light of uncertainties relating to China’s laws and legal system. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

Our performance and future success also depend on our ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Competition in the used automobile industry for qualified employees, including technical personnel capable of designing innovative services and products, is intense, and if competition in these industries further intensifies, it may be more difficult for us to hire, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel. If we do not succeed in attracting additional highly skilled personnel or retaining or motivating our existing personnel or if we must incur significantly greater expenses to recruit, train and retain personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively or at all.

Their responsibilities at Oak Pacific Investments may divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Our chief executive officer Joseph Chen and our chief operating officer James Jian Liu each holds the same position in Oak Pacific Investment. Mr. Chen is also the second largest shareholder in Oak Pacific Investment. Oak Pacific Investment was a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours prior to June 2018, and it holds a large portfolio of shares in a variety of early-stage and late-stage pre-IPO companies that our management had previously selected and managed for our company. Although Oak Pacific Investment no longer has any relationship with our company other than a debtor-creditor relationship based on the US$90 million note issued by Oak Pacific Investment to Renren, the disposition of Oak Pacific Investment has not necessarily reduced the workload of our management. However, time and effort spent by our management on Oak Pacific Investment does not benefit shareholders of our company anymore, except to the extent that it helps ensure Oak Pacific Investment’s ability to repay the US$90 million note to Renren when it matures. Mr. Chen’s and Mr. Liu’s involvement in Oak Pacific Investment may divert their attention from the operation of our business, which may affect our company’s financial performance and future prospects.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC and the enforcement of PRC labor laws and regulations may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, PRC laws and regulations have strict regulatory requirements in terms of labor contracts and payment of various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of employees.

PRC Labor Contract Law, as amended, and its implementation rules, set forth various requirements about the terms of labor contracts, including, minimum wages, remuneration, the term of probation period and termination conditions. In the event that we decide to terminate or change the employment relationship with some employees, PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to realize in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees are required to participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, and housing funds, and employers are required to pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees. Employers that fail to make adequate social insurance and housing fund contributions may be subject to fines and legal sanctions. If the PRC authorities determine that we have failed to make social insurance and housing fund contributions for our employers or other non-compliance under the relevant PRC labor laws and regulations, the PRC authorities may order us to make supplemental contributions, pay fines, timely rectify, or other sanctions, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Companies operating in China are also required to withhold individual income tax on employees’ wages based on the actual payment of wages to the employees according to the PRC Individual Income Tax Law, as amended in 2018. The new PRC Individual Income Tax Law provides that individuals who do not have a domicile in China but have stayed in China for at least an aggregate of 183 days within a single tax year will be deemed as resident individuals, and the employer, as the withholding agent, shall withhold and prepay tax for their employees on a monthly basis. Due to the evolution of PRC tax laws and regulations, our compliance cost has increased as well. If we failed to withhold individual income tax for our employees timely, we may be subject to administrative penalty. For example, Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Wangjing, was fined of RMB151,786 (US$21,803) by Beijing local tax authority on December 25, 2019 due to failure to withhold employees’ individual income tax for its payment of additional medical insurance to its employees. Qianxiang Wangjing fully paid penalty to Beijing local tax authority timely.

Furthermore, as the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice does not and will not violate any PRC labor laws and regulations, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations.

If Kaixin is unable to control its labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs to its customers and other platform participants by increasing the fees of its services, or if we are deemed to have violated PRC labor laws and regulations, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly partly due to seasonality and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our quarterly results of operations, including the levels of our revenues, operating costs and expenses, net loss and other key metrics, may vary significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful, especially given Kaixin’s limited operating history and our discontinuation or disposal of other businesses that previously accounted for the majority of our revenues. Accordingly, the results for any one quarter are not necessarily an indication of future performance. Fluctuations in quarterly results may adversely affect the value of our ADSs. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly financial results include:

	·	Kaixin’s ability to attract new car buyers;

	·	Kaixin’s ability to maintain existing relationships with business partners and establish new relationships with additional business partners, such as financial institutions;

	·	Kaixin’s ability to access capital;

	·	the mix of solutions and services Kaixin offers;

	·	the amount and timing of our operating cost and expenses and the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure;

	·	financial institutions’ willingness and ability to fund financing transactions through Kaixin’s platform on reasonable terms;

Kaixin’s emphasis on experience of car buyers, instead of near-term growth;

the timing of expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies or businesses;

proper and sufficient accounting policies with respect to Kaixin’s risk reserve liabilities and implementation;

our ability to grow our SaaS businesses and other new initiatives;

network outages or security breaches;

general economic, industry and market conditions; and

changes in applicable laws and regulations.

In addition, Kaixin has experienced, and expects to continue to experience, seasonal fluctuations in its revenues and results of operations. Trends of Kaixin’s revenues are a reflection of car purchase patterns by car buyers. Used car sales tend to be lower in the first quarter of each year than in the other three quarters due to the effect of the Chinese New Year holiday. As a result of these factors, Kaixin’s revenues may vary from quarter to quarter and its quarterly results may not be comparable to the corresponding periods of prior years. Kaixin’s actual results may differ significantly from its targets or estimated quarterly results. Therefore, you may not be able to predict Kaixin’s annual results of operations based on a quarter-to-quarter comparison of its results of operations. The quarterly fluctuations in Kaixin’s revenues and results of operations could result in volatility and cause the price of its shares to fall. As Kaixin’s revenues grow, these seasonal fluctuations may become more pronounced.

A new health epidemic could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition to the impact of COVID-19, our business could be significantly affected by other public health emergencies or epidemics that may hit China and/or other countries where we operate our business, such as outbreaks of avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, Zika virus, Ebola virus or other disease. Any future outbreak of a contagious disease, and other adverse public health developments in China may restrict economic activities in affected regions, resulting in reduced business volume, temporary closure of our production facilities and offices or otherwise disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

We face risks related to natural disasters, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes and other adverse weather and climate conditions. Although we have servers that are hosted in an offsite location, our backup system does not capture data on a real-time basis and we may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. We cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services on our platform.

Kaixin is subject to local conditions in the geographic areas in which it operates its business.

Kaixin’s performance is subject to local economic, competitive and other conditions prevailing in geographic areas where it operates its business. Since a large portion of Kaixin’s sales are generated in second- and third-tier cities in China, its results of operations depend substantially on general economic conditions and consumer spending habits in these markets. In the event that any of these geographic areas experience a downturn in economic conditions, it could have a material adverse effect on Kaixin’s business, sales and results of operations.

Kaixin may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.

Kaixin is subject to enterprise income tax, value-added tax, and other taxes in each province and city in China where it has operations. Kaixin’s tax structure is subject to review by various local tax authorities. The determination of Kaixin’s provision for income tax and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment. In the ordinary course of Kaixin’s business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. For example, since 2018, Kaixin has entered into a series of ancillary agreements to facilitate its sale of used cars for value-added tax optimization purposes. Under these ancillary agreements, when Kaixin sources a used car, the legal title of the car is transferred to an executive of our variable interest entity Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., and the registration is transferred to the name of one of the dealership’s employees. When the used car is sold, the relevant legal ownership is transferred from the executive to the purchaser, and the registration is transferred from the dealership employee’s name to the name of the purchaser. Under PRC laws and regulations, if the seller is an individual selling a personal automobile, the seller is exempted from value-added tax. Thus, structuring the purchase and subsequent sale such that the legal title and automobile registration are placed under the names of executives and dealership employees, respectively, as described above results in Kaixin recognizing no value-added tax on the sales of the used cars. Viewed as a service provider from a value-added tax perspective in the used car transactions structured this way, Kaixin is only subject to value-added tax on the difference between the original purchase price and retail price of the used cars. Although Kaixin believes that the transaction structure created by the ancillary agreements and its estimates of its value-added taxes are reasonable, the ultimate decisions by the relevant tax authorities may differ from the amounts recorded in its financial statements and if the conclusion were reached by relevant tax authorities that Kaixin was subject to value-added tax as a result of using the employees as agents in this structure, such a determination would have a material adverse effect on our financial results in the period or periods for which such determinations are made.

Restoration of limits on cross-regional flows of used cars would adversely affect Kaixin’s sourcing and sales of used cars.

To create a freely circulating market of used cars, the Chinese central government has implemented multiple policies in recent years aimed at removing restrictions on cross-regional flows of used cars. In March 2016, the State Council issued guidance to promote more convenient transactions of used vehicles. This required the removal of curbs previously implemented to prevent vehicles from one city or province being sold in another, provided that the subject vehicle meets the emission standards of the destination locality. Beijing and 14 other cities were exempted as key regions for air pollution prevention and control. In December 2016, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued orders to implement the State Council’s guideline, requiring that local governments should not set any other limits so long as the regular inspections for environmental protection and motor vehicle safety are valid and the motor vehicle meets the emission standards of the destination locality. Further, the State Council 2018 Government Work Report states that more efforts will be made to scrap any limits on cross-region flows of used cars. Kaixin does not expect that any new restrictions will be imposed to prevent cross-region used car transactions. However, if such restrictions were to be imposed by local governments, it would adversely affect Kaixin’s sourcing and sales of used cars.

Government policies on automobile purchases and ownership may materially affect our results of operations.

Government policies on automobile purchases and ownership may have a material effect on Kaixin’s business due to their influence on consumer behavior. In an effort to alleviate traffic congestion and improve air quality, some local governmental authorities have issued regulations and implementation rules in order to control urban traffic and the number of automobiles within particular urban areas. For example, local Beijing governmental authorities adopted regulations and relevant implementing rules in December 2010 to limit the total number of license plates issued to new automobile purchases in Beijing each year. Local Guangzhou governmental authorities also announced similar regulations, which came into effect in July 2013. There are similar policies that restrict the issuance of new automobile license plates in Shanghai, Tianjin, Hangzhou and Shenzhen. In September 2013, the State Council released a plan for the prevention and remediation of air pollution, which requires large cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, to further restrict the number of motor vehicles. In October 2013, the Beijing government issued an additional regulation to limit the total number of vehicles in Beijing to no more than six million by the end of 2017. Such regulatory developments, as well as other uncertainties, may adversely affect the growth prospects of China’s automotive industry, which in turn may have a material adverse impact on Kaixin’s business.

We rely on contractual obligations rather than government filings to ensure our continued title to vehicles managed under our inventory financing business.

Kaixin’s loans to used car dealerships are structured on a finance lease basis, whereby the entity lessor sells Kaixin the vehicle before leasing it back from Kaixin, although for accounting purposes the transaction is not treated as a sale as it is not substantively a sale due to the economic substance of the transaction. In spite of this arrangement, upon completing the purchase of the subject vehicle, Kaixin does not formally transfer the registration of the vehicle into Kaixin’s name. Kaixin also does not file mortgage registrations relating to the lease of the vehicle. Instead, Kaixin’s contract with the lessor obligates them not to take any action that could undermine Kaixin’s title to the vehicle. In addition, Kaixin retains in its control all documents relating to the vehicle and title, and provide markings for the vehicle identifying it as owned by Kaixin. However, these steps would not prevent a good-faith third-party buyer from taking legal title to the vehicle if the lessor attempted to sell the vehicle without Kaixin’s knowledge. If the lessor sells the vehicle without Kaixin’s knowledge, Kaixin would face potential inventory shortages of vehicles, liability for breach of contract if there is another contract selling the same vehicle, and costs attempting to recover from the lessor its losses from such unauthorized sale of the vehicle. Kaixin might not be able to recover from the lessor its losses from unauthorized sale of vehicle, or claim the legal title of the vehicle back, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Negative media coverage could adversely affect our business.

Negative publicity about us or our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers or other employees, as well as the industry in which we operate, can harm our operations. Such negative publicity could be related to a variety of matters, including:

alleged misconduct or other improper activities committed by our shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers and other employees;

false or malicious allegations or rumors about us or our shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers and other employees;

user complaints about the quality of our products and services;

security breaches of confidential user information; and

governmental and regulatory investigations or penalties resulting from our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations.

We may also be affected by publicity relating to third-party service providers. For example, in September 2018, there was negative publicity involving certain senior officers of iResearch, the industry consultant commissioned to prepare an industry report in connection with this proxy statement. According to a public announcement made by iResearch, certain senior officers of iResearch are cooperating with governmental investigations in China. Such publicity may raise questions as to the integrity of the industry data produced by iResearch.

In addition to traditional media, there has been an increasing use of social media platforms and similar devices in China, including instant messaging applications, such as Weixin/WeChat, social media websites and other forms of internet-based communications that provide individuals with access to a broad audience of users and other interested persons. The availability of information on instant messaging applications and social media platforms is virtually immediate as is its impact without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. The opportunity for dissemination of information, including inaccurate information, is seemingly limitless and readily available. Information concerning our company, shareholders, directors, officers and employees may be posted on such platforms at any time. The risks associated with any such negative publicity or incorrect information cannot be completely eliminated or mitigated and may materially harm our and/or Kaixin’s reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have limited business insurance coverage.

Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies do in more developed economies. We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured occurrence of business disruption may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Concerns about collection and use of personal data could damage our reputation and deter current and potential users from using our services.

We could be liable for any breach of security relating to our payment platforms or the third-party online payment platforms we use, and concerns about the security of internet transactions could damage our reputation, deter current and potential users from using our platform and have other adverse consequences to our business.

Currently, we sell a substantial portion of our services and applications to our users through third-party online payment platforms using the internet or mobile networks. In all these online payment transactions, secured transmission of confidential information over public networks is essential to maintain consumer confidence. In addition, we expect that an increasing amount of our sales will be conducted over the internet as a result of the growing use of online payment systems. As a result, associated online fraud will likely increase as well. Our current security measures and those of the third parties with whom we transact business may not be adequate. We must be prepared to increase and enhance our security measures and efforts so that our users have confidence in the reliability of the online payment systems that we use, which will impose additional costs and expenses and may still not guarantee complete safety. In addition, we do not have control over the security measures of our third-party online payment vendors. Although we have not in the past experienced material security breaches of the online payments that we use, such security breaches could expose us to litigation and possible liability for failing to secure confidential customer information and could, among other things, damage our reputation and the perceived security of the online payment systems that we use.

Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our websites. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in internet usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and the Regulation of our Business

If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our services in China do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in internet businesses, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Current PRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet businesses, including the provision of social networking services. Specifically, foreign ownership of internet service providers or other value-added telecommunication service providers may not exceed 50%. In addition, according to the Several Opinions on the Introduction of Foreign Investment in the Cultural Industry promulgated by the Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, or the SARFT, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce in June 2005, foreign investors are prohibited from investing in or operating any internet cultural operating entities.

We previously conducted our SNS and live streaming operations in China principally through a set of contractual arrangements between our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Qianxiang Shiji Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Shiji, and its consolidated affiliated entity, Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Tiancheng, and Qianxiang Tiancheng's shareholders. Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Wangjing, is Qianxiang Tiancheng's wholly owned subsidiary and the operator of the renren.com website and holds the licenses and permits necessary to conduct the SNS and online advertising business in China.

We conduct our business operations in China principally through a set of contractual arrangements between our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Group Co., Ltd., or Renren Automobile, and its consolidated affiliated entity, Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Changda, and Qianxiang Changda’s shareholders.

We conduct our used automobile dealership operations in China principally through a set of contractual arrangements between Renren Automobile and its consolidated affiliated entity, Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Jieying, and Shanghai Jieying’s shareholders.

Our contractual arrangements described above enable us to exercise effective control over Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Changda and Shanghai Jieying, as well as their respective subsidiaries, and hence we treat these entities as our consolidated affiliated entities and consolidate their results. For a detailed discussion of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4.C—Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities.”

Based on the advice of TransAsia Lawyers, our PRC legal counsel, the corporate structure of our consolidated affiliated entities and our subsidiaries in China comply with all existing PRC laws and regulations. However, as there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree that our corporate structure or any of the above contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. PRC laws and regulations governing the validity of these contractual arrangements are uncertain and the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting these laws and regulations. If the PRC government determines that we do not comply with applicable laws and regulations, it could:

revoke the business and operating licenses of our subsidiaries, our consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries;

discontinue or restrict any related-party transactions between our subsidiaries, our consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries;

impose fines on us or impose additional conditions or requirements on us with which we may not be able to comply;

require us to revise our ownership structure or restructure our operations; and

restrict or prohibit our use of the proceeds of any additional public offering to finance our business and operations in China.

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. If any of these penalties results in our inability to direct the activities of our consolidated affiliated entities and the subsidiaries that most significantly impact their economic performance, or results in our failure to receive the economic benefits from our consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries, we may not be able to consolidate the consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, our consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries contributed in the aggregate 88.1%, 97.6% and 97.0%, respectively, of our consolidated revenues.

We rely on contractual arrangements with consolidated affiliated entities for our China operations, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership. Any failure by our affiliated entities or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with our affiliated entities to operate our businesses in China. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4.C—Information on the Company— Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing us with control over these affiliated entities as direct ownership. If we had direct ownership of our consolidated affiliated entities, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of each of these entities, which in turn could effect changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by our consolidated affiliated entities and their respective shareholders of their obligations under their respective contracts to exercise control over our affiliated entities. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with our affiliated entities may not be as effective in ensuring our control over our China operations as direct ownership would be.

If our consolidated affiliated entities or their respective shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements of which they are a party, we may have to incur substantial costs and resources to enforce our rights under the contracts, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief and claiming damages, which may not be effective. For example, if the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated entities were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in our consolidated affiliated entities to us or our designee when we exercise the call option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal action to compel them to perform their respective contractual obligations.

All of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would incur additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our affiliated entities, and our ability to conduct our business may be severely and negatively affected.

Contractual arrangements our subsidiaries have entered into with our consolidated affiliated entities may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and a finding that we or our consolidated affiliated entities owe additional taxes could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.

Under PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions between related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements between our wholly owned subsidiaries in China and our consolidated affiliated entities in China do not represent arm’s-length prices and consequently adjust our consolidated affiliated entities’ income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by our consolidated affiliated entities for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their respective tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our consolidated affiliated entities for any unpaid taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase or if they are subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

The shareholders of our consolidated affiliated entities may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.

The shareholders of our consolidated affiliated entities include Ms. Jing Yang, Mr. James Jian Liu, Mr. Thomas Jintao Ren and Ms. Rita Rui Yi. Ms. Jing Yang is a shareholder of Qianxiang Tiancheng and Qianxiang Changda; Mr. James Jian Liu is a shareholder of Qianxiang Tiancheng and Qianxiang Changda; and Mr. Thomas Jintao Ren and Ms. Rita Rui Yi are the shareholders of Shanghai Jieying.

Ms. Jing Yang is the wife of Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer; Mr. James Jian Liu is our executive director and chief operating officer; Mr. Thomas Jintao Ren is our former chief financial officer; and Ms. Rita Rui Yi is our vice president in charge of human resources.

Conflicts of interest may arise between the dual role of Mr. James Jian Liu as a director and officer of our company and as shareholder of our consolidated affiliated entities Qianxiang Tiancheng, and Qianxiang Changda.

Conflicts of interest may also arise between the interests of Ms. Jing Yang as shareholder of Qianxiang Tiancheng and Qianxiang Changda and as the wife of our founder and chief executive officer. Furthermore, if Ms. Jing Yang experiences domestic conflict with Mr. Joseph Chen, she may have little or no incentive to act in the interest of our company, and she may not perform her obligations under the contractual arrangements she has entered into with Qianxiang Shiji and Renren Automobile.

Conflicts of interest may arise between the dual role of Ms. Rui Yi as an officer of our company and as a shareholder of our consolidated affiliated entity Shanghai Jieying. Officers of our company owe a duty of loyalty and care to our company and to our shareholders as a whole under Cayman Islands law. We cannot assure you, however, that when conflicts arise, shareholders of our consolidated affiliated entities will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law on March 15, 2019 and the State Council approved the Regulation on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, on December 12, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, which replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Supreme People’s Court of China issued a judicial interpretation on the Foreign Investment Law on December 27, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, to ensure fair and efficient implementation of the Foreign Investment Law. According to the judicial interpretation, courts in China shall not, among other things, support contracted parties to claim foreign investment contracts in sectors not on the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2019) as void because the contracts have not been approved or registered by administrative authorities. The Foreign Investment Law and Implementation Regulations embody an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments.

However, since these rules are relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to their interpretation. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the Stale Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations, or whether they may be invalid in whole or in part. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity to be paid by our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Under PRC laws and regulations, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of their accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such a fund reaches 50% of their registered capital. At their discretion, they may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

Any limitation on the ability of our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using funds that we hold offshore to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which may materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

Any loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC law, are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. If we decide to finance our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to our consolidated affiliated entities, which are PRC domestic companies. Further, we are not likely to finance the activities of our consolidated affiliated entities by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictions relating to foreign investment in PRC domestic enterprises engaged in social networking services, online advertising and related businesses.

SAFE promulgated a circular in November 2010, known as Circular No. 59, which tightens the examination of the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from our initial public offering and requires that the settlement of net proceeds shall be in accordance with the description in the prospectus included in our registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-173548), which was filed with the SEC in connection with our initial public offering. In March 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on Reform of the Administrative Rules of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or choose to follow the “conversion-at-will” system for foreign currency settlement. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will system for foreign currency settlement, it may convert part or all of the amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into Renminbi at any time. The converted Renminbi will be kept in a designated account labeled as settled but pending payment, and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make payment from such designated account, it still needs to go through the review process with its bank and provide necessary supporting documents. SAFE Circular 19, therefore, has substantially lifted the restrictions on the usage by a foreign-invested enterprise of its Renminbi registered capital converted from foreign currencies. According to SAFE Circular 19, such Renminbi capital may be used at the discretion of the foreign-invested enterprise and SAFE will eliminate the prior approval requirement and only examine the authenticity of the declared usage afterwards. Nevertheless, foreign-invested enterprises like our PRC subsidiaries are still not allowed to extend intercompany loans to our VIEs. In addition, as SAFE Circular 19 was promulgated recently, there remain substantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this circular by relevant authorities.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated affiliated entities or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use funds we hold offshore to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

If we are required to pay U.S. taxes, the value of your investment in our company could be substantially reduced.

If, pursuant to a plan or a series of related transactions, a non-United States corporation, such as our company, acquires substantially all of the assets of a United States corporation, and after the acquisition 80% or more of the stock, by vote or value, of the non-United States corporation, excluding stock issued in a public offering related to the acquisition, is owned by former shareholders of the United States corporation by reason of their ownership of the United States corporation, the non-United States corporation will be considered a United States corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. Based on our analysis of the facts related to our corporate restructuring in 2005 and 2006, we do not believe that we should be treated as a United States corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. However, as there is no direct authority on how the relevant rules of the Internal Revenue Code might apply to us, our company’s conclusion is not free from doubt. Therefore, our conclusion may be challenged by the United States tax authorities and a finding that we owe additional United States taxes could substantially reduce the value of your investment in our company. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the income tax consequences of purchasing, holding or disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares if we were to be treated as a United States domestic corporation for United States federal income tax purposes.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Most of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures since the late 1970s emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the PRC government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has gradually been slowing since 2010. The impact of COVID-19 on the Chinese economy in 2020 is likely to be severe. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

We conduct our business primarily through our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries are foreign-invested enterprises and are subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of internet business and companies.

The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be violations of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC government regulation of the internet industry include, but are not limited to, the following:

	·	We only have contractual control over our websites. We do not own the websites due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China, including internet content provision services. This may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us.

There are uncertainties relating to the regulation of the internet industry in China, including evolving licensing practices. This means that permits, licenses or operations at some of our companies may be subject to challenge, or we have failed to obtain permits or licenses that applicable regulators may deem necessary for our operations or we may not be able to obtain or renew certain permits or licenses to maintain their validity. The major permits and licenses that could be involved include the ICP license, the online culture operating permit, the value-added telecommunication services operation permit and the internet publishing license.

In 2006, the predecessor to the MIIT issued the Notice of the Ministry of Information Industry on Intensifying the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services. This notice prohibits domestic telecommunication services providers from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunications business operating licenses to any foreign investor in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to any foreign investor for their illegal operation of a telecommunications business in China. According to this notice, either the holder of a value-added telecommunication services operation permit or its shareholders must directly own the domain names and trademarks used by such license holders in their provision of value-added telecommunication services. The notice also requires each license holder to have the necessary facilities, including servers, for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license. Currently, our PRC consolidated affiliated entities own the related domain names and trademarks and hold the ICP licenses necessary to conduct our operations for websites in China.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in China, including our business. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain any new licenses if required by any new laws or regulations. There are also risks that we may be found to violate the existing or future laws and regulations given the uncertainty and complexity of China’s regulation of the internet industry.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Most of our revenues and costs are denominated in Renminbi. The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive most of our revenues in Renminbi. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior SAFE approval by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in the PRC are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Certain regulations in the PRC may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, which became effective in 2006 and was amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. The M&A Rule established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. These rules require, among other things, that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor will take control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings issued by the State Council in 2008 are triggered. These rules also prohibit any transactions attempting to bypass such security review, including by controlling entities through contractual arrangements. We believe that our business is not in an industry related to national security. However, we cannot assure you that the Ministry of Culture or other government agencies will not publish interpretations contrary to our understanding or broaden the scope of such security review in the future.

We may grow our business in part by directly acquiring complementary businesses in China. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore holding companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

SAFE has promulgated several regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control of Domestic Residents’ Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, issued in 2014, which replaced the former Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Inbound Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles (generally known as SAFE Circular 75) promulgated by SAFE in October 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, which is referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a PRC resident holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to complete the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, is not a PRC citizen, but resides in China and has established and maintains a major shareholding in our company. Based on our oral inquiry with the relevant local branch of SAFE, neither the requirements for registration under SAFE Circular 75 nor the requirements for registration under SAFE Circular 37 are applicable to Mr. Chen.

Mr. James Jian Liu, our executive director and chief operating officer, and a few other senior management personnel of our company, all of whom are PRC residents, became shareholders of our company as a result of the exercise of employee share options. Based on our inquiry with the relevant local branch of SAFE, any application to such local SAFE branch with respect to the registration of Mr. Liu and the other PRC resident shareholders’ holdings of shares in our offshore holding company under SAFE Circular 75 or SAFE Circular 37 and related rules will not be officially accepted or examined because they became shareholders of our offshore holding company as a result of their exercise of employee share options.

However, we cannot conclude that SAFE or its local branch responsible for our PRC subsidiary’s foreign exchange registrations will not later alter their position on and interpretation of the applicability of these foreign exchange regulations to Mr. Chen, Mr. Liu or the other PRC resident shareholders of our company. In the event that the registration procedures set forth in these foreign exchange regulations becomes applicable to Mr. Chen, Mr. Liu or any of the PRC resident shareholders of our company, we will urge these individuals to file necessary registrations and amendments as required under SAFE Circular 37 and related rules. However, we cannot assure you that all of these individuals can successfully file or update any applicable registration or obtain the necessary approval required by these foreign exchange regulations. We can provide no assurance that we will in the future continue to be informed of the identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interests in our company. The failure or inability of such individuals to comply with the registration procedures set forth in these regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign-exchange-dominated loans from, our company, or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which set forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under either the current account or the capital account. In 2007, SAFE issued implementing rules for the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions such as a PRC citizen’s participation in the employee share ownership plans or share option plans of an overseas publicly listed company. In 2007, also SAFE promulgated the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rules.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Matters for Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Notice. This Stock Option Notice replaced the previous Stock Option Rules. The Stock Option Notice simplifies the requirements and procedures for the registration of stock incentive plan participants, especially in respect of the required application documents and the absence of strict requirements on offshore and onshore custodian banks, as were stipulated in the earlier Stock Option Rules. Under these rules, for PRC resident individuals who participate in stock incentive plans of overseas publicly listed companies, which includes employee stock ownership plans, stock option plans and other incentive plans permitted by relevant laws and regulations, a PRC domestic qualified agent or the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company must, among other things, file, on behalf of such resident, an application with SAFE or its local counterpart to obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the stock holding or share option exercises as PRC residents may not directly use oversea funds to purchase shares or exercise share options. In addition, within three months after any substantial changes to any such stock incentive plan, including for example any changes due to merger or acquisition or changes to the domestic or overseas custodian agent, the domestic agent must update the registration with SAFE.

As our company became listed on the NYSE in May 2011, we and our PRC citizen employees who participate in an employee share ownership plan or a share option plan are subject to these regulations. If we or our PRC optionholders fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC optionholders may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. See “Item 4.B—Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Employee Stock Options Plans.”

We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

The State Administration of Taxation has issued several rules and notices to tighten the scrutiny over acquisition transactions in recent years, including the Notice on Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters Related to Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued in February 2015 and amended in 2017, or SAT Circular 7. Pursuant to these rules and notices, except for a few circumstances falling into the scope of the safe harbor provided by SAT Circular 7, such as open market trading of stocks in public companies listed overseas, if a non-PRC resident enterprise indirectly transfers PRC taxable properties (i.e. properties of an establishment or a place in the PRC, real estate properties in the PRC or equity investments in a PRC tax resident enterprise) by disposing of equity interest or other similar rights in an overseas holding company, without a reasonable commercial purpose and resulting in the avoidance of PRC enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer should be deemed as a direct transfer of PRC taxable properties and gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to the PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. SAT Circular 7 sets out several factors to be taken into consideration by tax authorities in determining whether an indirect transfer has a reasonable commercial purpose, such as whether the main value of equity interest in an overseas holding company is derived directly or indirectly from PRC taxable properties. An indirect transfer satisfying all the following criteria will be deemed to lack reasonable commercial purpose and be taxable under PRC law without considering other factors set out by SAT Circular 7: (i) 75% or more of the equity value of the intermediary enterprise being transferred is derived directly or indirectly from the PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the one-year period before the indirect transfer, 90% or more of the asset value of the intermediary enterprise (excluding cash) is comprised directly or indirectly of investments in the PRC, or 90% or more of its income is derived directly or indirectly from the PRC; (iii) the functions performed and risks assumed by the intermediary enterprise and any of its subsidiaries that directly or indirectly hold the PRC taxable properties are limited and are insufficient to prove their economic substance; and (iv) the foreign tax payable on the gain derived from the indirect transfer of the PRC taxable properties is lower than the potential PRC income tax on the direct transfer of such assets. SAT Circular 7 also introduces an interest regime by providing that where a transferor fails to file and pay tax on time, and where a withholding agent fails to withhold the tax, interest will be charged on a daily basis. If the transferor has provided the required documents and information or has filed and paid the tax within 30 days from the date that the share transfer contract or agreement is signed, then interest shall be calculated based on the benchmark interest rate; otherwise, the benchmark interest rate plus 5% will apply. Both the foreign transferor and the transferee, and the PRC tax resident enterprise whose equity interests are being transferred may voluntarily report the transfer by submitting the documents required in SAT Circular 7.

Although SAT Circular 7 provides clarity in many important areas, such as reasonable commercial purpose, there are still uncertainties on the tax reporting and payment obligations with respect to future private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in non-PRC resident companies. The PRC tax authorities have discretions under SAT Circular 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investments. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a nonresident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of these transactions under SAT Circular 7, our income tax expenses associated with such potential acquisitions will increase, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Imposition of any additional taxes could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, both of which became effective on January 1, 2008, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise.” The State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, in 2009. SAT Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. See “Item 5— Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Taxation—PRC.” Although SAT Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those controlled by PRC individuals, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or individuals. Although we do not believe that our legal entities organized outside of the PRC constitute PRC resident enterprises, it is possible that the PRC tax authorities could reach a different conclusion. In such case, we may be considered a resident enterprise and may therefore be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our global income. If we are considered a resident enterprise and earn income other than dividends from our PRC subsidiaries, a 25% enterprise income tax on our global income could significantly increase our tax burden and materially and adversely affect our cash flow and profitability.

Pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign investors, which are non-PRC tax resident enterprises without an establishment in China, or whose income has no connection with their institutions and establishments inside China, are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we conduct substantially all of our operations in China through contractual arrangements between our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated entities. As long as our offshore holding companies are considered non-PRC resident enterprises, dividends that they respectively receive from our PRC subsidiaries may be subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. See “Item 5—Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Taxation—PRC.”

As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, we cannot assure you that if we are regarded as a PRC resident enterprise, any dividends to be distributed by us to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders would not be subject to any PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. Similarly, any gain recognized by such non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders on the sale of shares or ADSs, as applicable, may also be subject to PRC withholding tax. If we are required under the Enterprise Income Tax Law to withhold PRC income tax on our dividends payable to our non-PRC enterprise shareholders and ADS holders, or on gain recognized by such non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders, such investors’ investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

Our use of some leased properties could be challenged by lessors, third parties or government authorities, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

We lease offices from third parties for our operations in China. Any disputes with our lessors in respect of these leases or the leased area, or any defects in lessors’ title to the leased properties may disrupt our use of our offices, showrooms or warehouses, or increase our costs, which may in turn adversely affect our business operations. For example, certain buildings and the underlying land are not allowed to be used for industrial or commercial purposes without the authorities’ approval, and the lease of such buildings to companies like us may subject the lessor to pay premium fees to the PRC government. We cannot assure you that the lessor has obtained all or any of approvals from the relevant governmental authorities. In addition, some of our lessors have not provided us with documentation evidencing their title to the relevant leased properties. We cannot assure you that title to these properties we currently lease will not be challenged. In addition, we have not registered any of our lease agreements with the PRC governmental authorities as required by PRC law, and although failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, we may not be able to defend these leases against bona fide third parties. If third parties who purport to be property owners or beneficiaries of the mortgaged properties challenge our right to use the leased properties, we may not be able to protect our leasehold interest and may be ordered to vacate the affected premises, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

The audit reports included in this annual report are prepared by auditors that are not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and, as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

The independent registered public accounting firms that issue the audit reports included in this annual report filed with the SEC, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB.

On May 24, 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the Ministry of Finance which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations in the United States and China. The PCAOB apparently continues to be in discussions with PRC regulators to permit inspections of audit firms that are registered with the PCAOB in relation to the audit of Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. The joint statement reflects a heightened interest in this issue. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and the PCAOB will take and the potential impact on Chinese companies listed in the United States.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress, which if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which the PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed S. 945, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, known as the Kennedy Bill. If passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and signed by the U.S. president, the Kennedy Bill would amend the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to direct the SEC to prohibit securities of any registrant from being listed on any of the U.S. securities exchanges or traded "over-the-counter" if the auditor of the registrant’s financial statements is not subject to PCAOB inspection for three consecutive years after the law becomes effective. Enactment of any of such legislations or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, the market price of our ADSs could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we are unable to cure the situation to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time. It is unclear if and when any of such proposed legislations will be enacted. Furthermore, there have been recent media reports on deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets. If any such deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation may have material and adverse impact on the stock performance of China-based issuers listed in the United States. On June 4, 2020, the U.S. president issued a memorandum ordering the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets to submit a report to the president within 60 days of the memorandum that includes recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch and by the SEC or PCAOB on Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms, in an effort to protect investors in the United States.

If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including the independent registered public accounting firms that issue the audit reports included in this annual report filed with the SEC, in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC alleging the firms’ failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC with respect to requests for the production of documents, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firms, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under China law they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.

In late 2012, the SEC commenced administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the mainland Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms (including the mainland Chinese affiliate of our independent registered public accounting firms). A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the Chinese accounting firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the commissioners of the SEC.

On February 6, 2015, before a review by the commissioners had taken place, the Chinese accounting firms reached a settlement with the SEC whereby the proceedings were stayed. Under the settlement, the SEC accepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents would normally be made to the CSRC. The Chinese accounting firms would receive requests matching those under Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and would be required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance would require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. The CSRC for its part initiated a procedure whereby, under its supervision and subject to its approval, requested classes of documents held by the accounting firms could be sanitized of problematic and sensitive content so as to render them capable of being made available by the CSRC to U.S. regulators.

Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four PRC-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice at the end of four years starting from the settlement date, which was on February 6, 2019. Despite the final ending of the proceedings, the presumption is that all parties will continue to apply the same procedures: in other words, that the SEC will continue to make its requests for the production of documents to the CSRC, and the CSRC will normally process those requests applying the sanitization procedure. We cannot predict whether, in cases where the CSRC does not authorize production of requested documents to the SEC, the SEC will further challenge the four PRC-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law. If additional challenges are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If the independent registered public accounting firms that issue the audit reports included in this annual report filed with the SEC were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from the NYSE or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

If the market price for our ADSs falls below US$1.00 for an extended period of time, or to US$0.16 at any time, our ADSs may be delisted from the NYSE.

After the closing of the transaction that resulted in the disposition of most of our investment assets on June 21, 2018, the market price of our ADSs fell significantly as a result of the value that was removed from our company and transferred to our shareholders. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—The OPI Transaction” for a description of this transaction. We received a letter from the NYSE dated July 30, 2019, notifying Renren that it was below compliance standards due to the trading price of Renren's ADSs. Pursuant to NYSE Rule 802.01C, a company will be considered to be below compliance standards if the average closing price of a security as reported on the consolidated tape is less than US$1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Once notified, the company must bring its share price and average share price back above US$1.00 by six months following receipt of the notification. The company can regain compliance at any time during the six-month cure period if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period the company has a closing share price of at least US$1.00 and an average closing share price of at least US$1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. In the event that at the expiration of the six-month cure period, both a US$1.00 closing share price on the last trading day of the cure period and a US$1.00 average closing share price over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of the cure period are not attained, the NYSE will commence suspension and delisting procedures. In addition, we understand that the NYSE has a policy to suspend trading immediately and commence delisting procedures if the market price of securities falls to US$0.16 or less. In response to the letter from the NYSE, we changed the ratio of ADSs to our Class A ordinary shares from the previous ADS ratio of 1 ADS to 15 Class A ordinary shares to a new ADS ratio of one 1 ADS to 45 Class A ordinary shares, effective January 9, 2020. However, we cannot assure you that our ADSs will remain in compliance with the NYSE listing rules going forward. If our ADSs are delisted from the NYSE, the liquidity and value of an investment in our ADSs will be materially and adversely affected.

The listing of Kaixin’s shares on Nasdaq may cause trading volume in our ADSs to decline.

Following the Kaixin Offering, Kaixin became listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Because Kaixin was responsible for approximately 95.7% of our revenues in 2019 and is likely to remain responsible for the vast majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future, investors may conclude that our ADSs and Kaixin’s shares represent interests in substantially the same business and they may believe that our ADSs and Kaixin’s shares will respond to changes in our business prospects and financial performance in substantially equivalent ways. If some investors who would otherwise have purchased our ADSs choose to purchase Kaixin shares instead, trading volume in our ADSs may decline.

The market price for our ADSs has fluctuated and may continue to be volatile.

The market price for our ADSs has fluctuated significantly since we first listed our ADSs. Since our ADSs became listed on the NYSE on May 4, 2011, the closing prices of our ADSs have ranged from US$0.51 to US$270.15 per ADS, including retrospective adjustments for the change in the number of ordinary shares represented by each ADS that occurred on February 6, 2017 and January 9, 2020. The last reported trading price on July 6, 2020 was US$3.81 per ADS.

The market price for our ADSs may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

	·	regulatory developments in our industry affecting us or our competitors;

	·	announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our services or those of our competitors;

	·	changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other companies in the used automobile and SaaS industries or other internet companies;

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results;

	·	changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

conditions or changes in the used automobile industry, the internet finance industry or the internet industry in general;

	·	announcements by us or our competitors of new services, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

	·	additions to or departures of our senior management;

	·	fluctuations of exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar;

	·	fluctuations in the market price of Kaixin’s ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market; and

sales or perceived potential sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect our operating performance. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ADS price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted options or other equity incentives.

Our dual-class voting structure allows our two largest shareholders to significantly influence our actions over important corporate matters, will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

We have a dual-class voting structure which consists of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Subject to certain exceptions, in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equal number of Class A ordinary shares.

We issued Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in our initial public offering in May 2011. Mr. Joseph Chen, who is our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and SoftBank Group Capital Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp., are our only shareholders who hold Class B ordinary shares. As of May 31, 2020, Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, beneficially owns approximately 23.6% of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares and approximately 55.8% of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares, representing in aggregate 47.5% of our total voting power, and SoftBank Group Capital Limited owns approximately 35.8% of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares and approximately 44.2% of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares, representing in aggregate 42.6% of our total voting power.

Due in large part to the disparate voting powers attached to the two classes of ordinary shares, Mr. Chen and SoftBank Group Capital Limited have controlling power over matters requiring shareholder approval, subject to certain exceptions. As between Mr. Chen and SB Pan Pacific Corporation, the approvals of SB Pan Pacific Corporation are required for certain important matters relating to our company. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares—Voting Rights.” This concentration of ownership and voting power in the hands of Mr. Chen and SoftBank Group Capital Limited may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the dual effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and reducing the price of our ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders, including those who purchase ADSs. In addition, these persons could divert business opportunities away from us to themselves or others.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of May 31, 2020, not including options, we have 1,061,092,893 ordinary shares outstanding comprised of (i) 475,417,800 Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs, among which 251,922,330 Class A ordinary shares are represented by ADSs that are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act, and the rest are represented by ADSs that are subject to transfer restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act, (ii) 280,286,643 Class A ordinary shares not represented by ADSs, which are available for sale subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act, and (iii) 305,388,450 Class B ordinary shares which, following conversion to Class A ordinary shares by the holder of the Class B ordinary shares, are available for sale subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.

Certain holders of our ordinary shares have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

You may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise your right to vote.

Except as described in this annual report and in the deposit agreement, dated as of May 4, 2011, amendment no. 1 to the deposit agreement, dated as of February 6, 2017, and amendment no. 2 to the deposit agreement, dated as of January 9, 2020, by and among our company, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and the holders and beneficial owners of American depositary shares, holders of our ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs will appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions.

Pursuant to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, we may convene a shareholders’ meeting upon seven calendar days’ notice. If we give timely notice to the depositary under the terms of the deposit agreement, which is 30 days’ notice, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, and it is possible that you, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and there may be nothing you can do if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, although you may directly exercise your right to vote by withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of an upcoming shareholders’ meeting to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings, and you may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to you.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. For example, the depositary is expected to close its transfer books temporarily in connection with the cash dividend that we announced on April 30, 2018. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law, we conduct most of our operations in China and most of our directors and officers reside outside the United States.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conduct most of our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. Most of our directors and officers reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of such directors and officers are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the Cayman Islands or in China in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. There is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final and conclusive, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty, and (e) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and by the Companies Law (2020 Revision) and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against us and our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which provides persuasive, but not binding, authority. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. The provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

We may be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequence to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Depending upon the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs and the nature of our assets and income over time, we could be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-United States corporation will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income, or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income is any income that would be foreign personal holding company income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, including, without limitation, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income, net gains from commodity transactions, net foreign currency gains and income from notional principal contracts.

Although we believe that we were not classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019, we have been classified as a PFIC in prior years and may again be classified as a PFIC in the future, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined in “Item 10.E—Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—General”). Our PFIC status for the current taxable year ending December 31, 2020 will not be determinable until after the close of the year. There can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year in which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares and you are a U.S. Holder, you will continue to be treated as owning stock of a PFIC even if we do not satisfy either of the above tests for being classified as a PFIC in a subsequent year. U.S. Holders treated as owning stock in a PFIC generally will become subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liabilities and special U.S. federal income tax reporting requirements, unless you make a timely “mark-to-market” or, potentially, a “Qualified Electing Fund” election to mitigate some of the applicable consequences. For more information on the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you that would result from our classification as a PFIC, see “Item 10.E Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company

We began our operations in China in 2002 through Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Tiancheng, which subsequently became one of our consolidated affiliated entities. Our current holding company, Renren Inc., was incorporated in February 2006 in the Cayman Islands under our prior name, Oak Pacific Interactive. Through a corporate restructuring in March 2006, Oak Pacific Interactive became our holding company. In December 2010, we changed our corporate name from Oak Pacific Interactive to Renren Inc.

On March 25, 2011, we implemented a ten-for-one share split. Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this annual report concerning share and per share data gives retroactive effect to the ten-for-one share split.

In May 2011, we completed our initial public offering and our ADSs began trading on the NYSE under the symbol “RENN.” On February 6, 2017, we changed the number of ordinary shares represented by each ADS from 3 to 15. On January 9, 2020, we further changed the number of ordinary shares represented by each ADS from 15 to 45. Except as otherwise indicated, all ADS and per ADS data in this annual report give retroactive effect to the ADS ratio of one 1 ADS to 45 Class A ordinary shares.

In the years since our initial public offering, we acquired or disposed of a number of businesses:

In October 2011, we acquired 56.com, a leading user generated content online video sharing website in China. We disposed of this business in two stages in October 2014 and December 2014.

In October 2013, we disposed of the majority of our equity interest in our group-buying services business. We disposed of our remaining interest in this business in February 2014.

In the fourth quarter of 2014, we launched our financing business with Renren Fenqi, a financial service platform providing credit financing to college students in China for making purchases on e-commerce platforms on an installment payment basis. In the second quarter of 2016, we stopped making loans through Renren Fenqi due to regulatory changes.

In the first quarter of 2015, we launched a used automobile financing service to provide credit financing to used automobile dealerships in China. This business has ceased to extend financing to third parties and has been subsumed under our used automobile business.

In the second quarter of 2015, we launched Renren Licai, a financing platform, as one source of funds for the credit financing that we extend in our internet finance business. In the third quarter of 2017, we stopped issuing new financing products on our Renren Licai platform.

In November 2015, our board of directors approved the disposition of our online game business. We completed the disposition of this business in March 2016.

In December 2018, we disposed of all tangible and intangible assets in our SNS platform and the related business, including Renren mobile live streaming. We now classify our SNS business under discontinued operations. See “—Sale of SNS Business” below.

We launched our used automobile business in the middle of 2017, and used automotive sales already accounted for the majority of our revenues in 2017. We operate our used automobile business through our majority-owned subsidiary Kaixin. Kaixin was responsible for 95.7% of our revenues in 2019.

We launched our SaaS businesses in the United States with Chime, an all-in-one real estate solution provider, in August 2016. We further expanded our SaaS businesses by our acquisition of Geographic Farming, LLC, a 360° real estate marketing and media service provider, in August 2017. Geographic Farming provides fully customizable lead capture landing pages that offer multiple home value estimates.

In December 2017, we acquired 100% of Trucker Path Inc., a transportation network company specializing in online and mobile services for the trucking industry in the United States. Trucker Path operates a large American online trucking community with over one million installs of its application on Google Play Store.

In June 2018, we paid a special cash dividend and disposed of the overwhelming majority of our long-term investments. See “—The OPI Transaction” below.

In 2019, we closed a series of transactions that raised approximately US$28.5 million for Kaixin, reduced our equity interest in Kaixin below 100% and resulted in the separate listing of Kaixin on the Nasdaq Stock Market. See “—The Kaixin Offering” below.

The OPI Transaction

On April 30, 2018, we announced a special cash dividend payable to all holders of our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs). At the same time, we also announced that Oak Pacific Investment, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Renren Inc., would be conducting a private placement in which it would offer its ordinary shares solely to shareholders of Renren, for which the waiver of the cash dividend would be the sole form of payment that would be accepted. We refer to the cash dividend, the private placement, and the ancillary agreements and actions as the OPI Transaction.

The OPI Transaction was undertaken to reduce the number and aggregate size of our long-term investments in order to mitigate the risk of Renren being deemed to be an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940. At the time of the OPI Transaction, Oak Pacific Investment held one active business, which was our ZenZone advertising agency business. Oak Pacific Investment also held shares in 44 portfolio companies and interests in 6 investment funds. These portfolio companies and investment funds had an aggregate book value of US$530.6 million as of December 31, 2017, and represented the overwhelming majority of our long-term investments in terms of both book value and fair market value.

The private placement closed on June 21, 2018, and we completed the payment of the special cash dividend shortly thereafter. The one share in Oak Pacific Investment previously held by Renren Inc. was redeemed for no value as part of the OPI Transaction, and Oak Pacific Investment became entirely owned by the purchasers in the private placement. Renren no longer has any ownership interest in Oak Pacific Investment and Oak Pacific Investment is no longer consolidated in our financial statements. Immediately prior to the closing of the private placement, Oak Pacific Investment issued a note to Renren as part of the OPI Transaction. The principal amount of the note was US$90,000,000, the interest rate was 8% per year, and the term was the earlier of five years and the date upon which Oak Pacific Investment and its subsidiaries no longer hold any shares of Social Finance Inc. In March 2019, the interest rate was increased to 8.5% per year in connection with a refinancing of Oak Pacific Investment’s debt obligations. Oak Pacific Investment prepaid US$10 million to our company in December 2019 and another US$4 million to our company in April 2020. The amount owed to us under the note was approximately US$90.3 million as of April 30, 2020.

Sale of SNS Business

Oak Pacific Holdings, a company controlled by Mr. Joseph Chen, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. James Jian Liu, our executive director and chief operating officer, controls one of the minority shareholders of the purchaser. This asset sale transaction was discussed and approved by the audit committee of Renren’s board of directors, which considered the background and material terms of this transaction as well as the result of a fairness analysis conducted by Duff & Phelps, LLC, and was approved by Renren’s board of directors. As required by our articles of association, this transaction was also conditional on the approval of SB Pan Pacific Corporation, an affiliate of one of our major shareholders, which approval was obtained.

The sale closed on December 29, 2018, and we classify our former SNS business under discontinued operations. As of December 31, 2018, the $20 million cash consideration remained outstanding and was recorded in amounts due from a related party. We collected $6.8 million in 2019 and as of December 31, 2019, the unpaid cash consideration was $13.2 million. Beijing Infinities failed to make payments under the agreed extended repayment plan. Based on its assessment of the collectability, we provided an allowance of US$12.6 million for the receivable. Additionally, the shares receivable in the form of Beijing Infinities were not received as of December 31, 2019 and were recorded as non-current amount due from related party in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. We believe the shares receivable was not impaired as of December 31, 2019 based on the on-going equity financing of Beijing Infinities.

The Kaixin Offering

We use “Kaixin” in this annual report to refer to the entity that operates our used automobile business, which is our auto group segment. Prior to April 30, 2019, “Kaixin” refers to Kaixin Auto Group, which was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Renren Inc. From April 30, 2019, “Kaixin” refers to Kaixin Auto Holdings, a company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Kaixin Auto Holdings was formerly CM Seven Star Acquisition Corporation, a blank check company formed for the purpose of entering into a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or other similar business combination, with one or more target businesses. Pursuant to a series of transactions that closed on April 30, 2019, Renren Inc. acquired a controlling interest in Kaixin Auto Holdings and Kaixin Auto Holdings acquired 100% ownership of Kaixin Auto Group. This series of transactions also raised approximately US$28.5 million for Kaixin and resulted in the separate listing of Kaixin on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol KXIN. We refer to this series of transactions as the “Kaixin Offering.”

Renren currently holds approximately 25.0 million ordinary shares of Kaixin. An additional 3.3 million ordinary shares of Kaixin Auto Group are being held in escrow as potential indemnity for claims that may be asserted under the share exchange agreement relating to the Kaixin Offering. These shares will be released to Renren in May 2021 if they remain in escrow at that time, less any shares used for indemnification. An additional 19.5 million ordinary shares of Kaixin are being held in escrow as earnout shares pending Kaixin’s financial results for 2019 and 2020 and Kaixin’s stock price. The earnout shares will be cancelled if they are not transferred to Renren pursuant to the earnout provisions by October 2021.

Renren has the right to vote the 22.8 million ordinary shares that are held in escrow as well as the 25.0 million ordinary shares that it holds directly. While the earnout shares remain outstanding, Renren will have the right to exercise 80.8% of the outstanding vote of Kaixin, assuming no other changes to Kaixin’s capital structure. If the 19.5 million earnout shares are cancelled, Renren will have the right to exercise 71.3% of the outstanding vote of Kaixin, assuming no other changes to Kaixin’s capital structure.

Immediately after the Kaixin Offering, Renren owned approximately 68.7% of Kaixin’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares. Additionally, 19.5 million earnout shares were to be issued and held in escrow. We may be entitled to receive earnout shares as follows: (1) if Kaixin’s gross revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 was greater than or equal to RMB5,000,000,000 (US$718.2 million), we were entitled to receive 1,950,000 ordinary shares of Kaixin; (2) if Kaixin’s adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2019 was greater than or equal to RMB150,000,000 (US$21.5 million), we were entitled to receive 3,900,000 ordinary shares of Kaixin, increasing proportionally to 7,800,000 ordinary shares if Kaixin’s adjusted EBITDA is greater than or equal to RMB200,000,000 (US$28.7 million); and (3) if Kaixin’s adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 is greater than or equal to RMB340,000,000 (US$48.8 million), we are entitled to receive 4,875,000 ordinary shares of Kaixin, increasing proportionally to 9,750,000 ordinary shares if Kaixin’s adjusted EBITDA is greater than or equal to RMB480,000,000 (US$68.9 million). Adjusted EBITDA represents net loss plus contingent consideration fair value change, share-based compensation expense, interest (income) expenses, income tax expenses, and depreciation. The first two of these three conditions were not met.

Notwithstanding the revenue and adjusted EBITDA achieved by the post-transaction company for any period, we will receive the 2019 earnout shares if Kaixin’s stock price is higher than $13.00 for any sixty days in any period of ninety consecutive trading days during a 15-month period following the closing, and will receive the 2019 earnout shares and the 2020 earnout shares if Kaixin’s stock price is higher than $13.50 for any sixty days in any period of ninety consecutive trading days during a 30-month period following the closing.

In addition, in either case the 3.3 million ordinary shares held in escrow, less any ordinary shares actually paid as potential indemnity, would be released to us together with the applicable earnout shares, although this would not relieve us of any potential liability under the share exchange agreement. As of July 6, 2020, the closing price for Kaixin shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market was US$0.81.

An additional 4.7 million ordinary shares of Kaixin were reserved for issuance under an equity incentive plan in exchange for its outstanding options, which were cancelled at the closing of the Kaixin Offering. Furthermore, under the equity purchase agreements pursuant to which Kaixin has acquired majority control of its dealerships, Kaixin is obligated to make certain payments of its ordinary shares over a six-year period to sellers who have retained a minority interest in the special purpose holding entity of those dealerships. In connection with the Kaixin Offering, Renren has agreed to bear the obligation to make these payments, which will further reduce our equity interest in Kaixin. See “Item 4.B—Business Overview—Certain Legal Arrangements—Legal Arrangements with Dealerships” and note 5 to the accompanying financial statements. Transfers of Kaixin shares by Renren to these sellers would further reduce Renren’s ownership interest in Kaixin.

Shareholder Value Fund, which holds approximately 5.2 million ordinary shares of Kaixin, has agreed to grant a proxy to us with respect to the vote of all the ordinary shares it beneficially owns with respect to the appointment of any independent directors or director nominees and any of their successors or replacements.

On April 4, 2018, Shareholder Value Fund loaned CM Seven Star US$500,000 pursuant to a non-interest bearing promissory note.

On January 24, 2019, CM Seven Star issued an unsecured non-interest bearing promissory note in the aggregate principal amount of up to US$1.1 million to Shareholder Value Fund to pay for professional services fees related to the Kaixin Offering.

On January 24, 2019, CM Seven Star issued unsecured promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of US$1.0 million to Shareholder Value Fund in exchange for it depositing such amount into the trust account of CM Seven Star. The notes did not bear interest and became due upon the closing of the Kaixin Offering. In addition, the notes may be converted by the holder into units of CM Seven Star at a price of $10.00 per unit.

On June 4, 2019, Shareholder Value Fund paid US$1.6 million to Kaixin pursuant to a waiver agreement among Kaixin, Kaixin Auto Group, Renren and Shareholder Value Fund.

On June 10, 2020, Kaixin entered into a subscription agreement with Shareholder Value Fund, pursuant to which Kaixin will issue to Shareholder Value Fund 4,213,629 ordinary shares of Kaixin at closing in exchange for the cancellation of the loans and payments payable to the Shareholder Value Fund by Kaixin. These shares were issued on July 6, 2020.

We currently consolidate and expect that we will continue to consolidate Kaixin in our financial statements, such that our revenues and expenses should not be reduced by the reduction in our equity interest in Kaixin. However, net income attributable to Renren Inc. may be materially less than our net income due to the various minority interests in Kaixin. Further, if any of the above transactions incurs or Kaixin engages in additional capital raising transactions, our ownership interest may be further reduced and may eventually result in us not able to consolidate Kaixin. In that case, we may only recognize our share of the net income of Kaixin’s operation.

Our Offices

Our principal executive offices are located at 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 10-8448-1818. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our telephone number at this address is +1 345-949-8066. We also have offices in 32 other cities in China, including Shanghai and Guangzhou, as well as 1 office in the United States and 1 office in the Philippines.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. We maintain our website at https://ir.renren-inc.com/.

B. Business Overview

Overview

We operate a used auto business in China and several SaaS businesses in the United States.

Kaixin is a leading premium used auto dealership group in China. Kaixin provides car purchasers in China with access to a wide selection of used vehicles across our network, with a focus on premium brands such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover and Porsche. In addition to auto sales, for the convenience of its customers, Kaixin also provides financing channels to customers and certain other dealers through its partnerships with several financial institutions. We also offer value-added services to customers, including insurance, and extended warranties. During 2017, we provided floor financing to third-party used automobile dealers in addition to our own dealerships, but currently we only extend new financing to our own dealerships. In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, approximately 86.6% and 95.7% of our revenues were derived from our used automobile sales business.

As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin had 14 Dealerships covering 14 cities in 12 provinces in China. On average, Kaixin’s Dealership operators have over ten years of experience in the used car industry. For the most part these are located in tier 2 and lower cities, where we believe the mix of cost structure, consumer demand and opportunity for growth is most favorable. We provide capital, a unified brand, a technology system and operational coordination. Under this model, all of the cash flow, financial and accounting recordkeeping across our dealerships is centralized. In addition, marketing and promotional activities are also centralized, although certain aspects may be executed at the dealership level. Due to restrictions on foreign ownership of certain industries in China, our variable interest entity Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Jieying, is the contracting party under these arrangements.

From the launch of Kaixin’s first Dealership market in mid-2017 to December 31, 2019, Kaixin sourced, marketed and sold approximately 15,668 used vehicles to customers across China. Kaixin’s sales have grown as it has increased its penetration in existing markets, expanded our network into new markets and built its brand awareness. Kaixin sold approximately 2,225, 7,438 and 6,005 vehicles in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Our SaaS businesses began with our launch of Chime. Chime is a client relationship management platform for real estate agents, teams and brokers in the United States which was launched in August 2016. Chime allows users to import information of potential buyers and sellers from third party platforms to the Chime platform. Chime can automatically categorize potential real estate transactions based on type, zip code, budget, source and other features. A real estate team can use the “round robin” function to distribute potential deals among team members, and team leader can supervise how effectively deals are being handled. Chime users may leverage the robot artificial intelligence to auto-respond to inquiries from potential buyers and sellers with customized scripted responses. Chime also supports real estate professionals to keep in touch with clients by texts, phone calls and emails. Chime provides intelligent data exchange webpage service to real estate agents for them to design customized website. It also allows users to download property data from multiple listing services (database of property listings) and displays those properties on their websites in searches and listing. Utilizing Chime's advertising services, real estate professionals can place advertisements on third party websites and platforms.

Our SaaS businesses were further expanded by our acquisition of Geographic Farming, LLC, in August 2017. Geographic Farming is a 360° real estate marketing and media service provider. Unlike our other businesses, our SaaS business is currently focused on the U.S. market rather than the China market. Our SaaS businesses are still in the early stages of development and did not generate significant revenue in 2019.

Trucker Path is the provider of a social platform for the trucking industry in the United States which we acquired in December 2017. Its core product is the Trucker Path app, a trip planning companion for truck drivers, which enables a large community of truck drivers to assist each other in updating the real-time status of relevant points-of-interest on their route. It helps truck drivers find truck stops, parking spots, weigh stations, truck washes, fuel stops, rest areas and more. Real time info is provided for these points-of-interest for such things as the availability of parking or the cost of fuel. In addition, over 40,000 businesses are listed as points-of-interest on Trucker Path, including hotels and restaurants, for which truck drivers can add their own reviews and information. Trucker Path also has a companion app known as Truckloads which brings truck drivers, brokers and shippers together in a single online freight marketplace. Over 100,000 truck drivers are active on it every month and over 150,000 loads are posted on it every day. Truck drivers can search for loads and customize their search criteria by trailer type, pickup date and destination, among other things. They can also set up push notifications for loads in their area or loads that fit their most recent search criteria. Truck drivers can combine Truckloads with Trucker Path to plan their routes in order to maximize the amount of time they spend carrying loads and avoid obstacles such as clearance, hazmat, weight limit and no truck zone restrictions. Shippers not only can find carriers but also can track their loads in real time from pickup to delivery.

Our total revenues increased from US$174.6 million in 2017 to US$498.2 million in 2018 and decreased to US$349.8 million in 2019, and income from continuing operations fluctuated from US$8.7 million in 2017 to losses of US$158.8 million in 2018 and US$107.5 million in 2019.

Our Used Car Business

Our used automobile business is operated by our subsidiary Kaixin. Kaixin has pioneered an innovative business model, under which Kaixin has obtained control of Dealerships across China, providing them with an integrated technology system, centralized operational control and management, a unified brand and capital support. Kaixin primarily generate revenues from sales of used cars, as well as fees obtained from its role as a channel partner for third-party auto financing and other value-added service providers. Kaixin also generate revenues in connection with consignment arrangements with third-party dealers whereby it facilitates sales of their cars. Of Kaixin’s total revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenues from auto sales accounted for 75.7%, 97.4% and 99.4%, respectively. In 2017 and 2018, Kaixin derived 22.7% and 0.5% of its total revenues, respectively, from floor financing. Kaixin discontinued its floor financing business in the first quarter of 2018.

As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin had 14 Dealerships covering 14 cities in 12 provinces in China. This number does not include our dealership in Ji’nan, which became involved in legal proceedings in 2018 and is currently not operating as a business. Renren has retained direct control of the Ji’nan dealership. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more information.

The Kaixin Offering, which closed on April 30, 2019, has reduced our ownership interest in Kaixin. The issuance of 4,213,629 ordinary shares of Kaixin to Shareholder Value Fund in July 2020 has further reduced our ownership interest in Kaixin. Our ownership interest in Kaixin is likely to change further due to Kaixin’s incentive share program, Renren’s obligation to transfer Kaixin shares to the minority owners of Kaixin’s dealerships and others, and Renren’s right to receive additional Kaixin shares based on Kaixin’s financial results and share price, as well as due to any future offerings of equity or equity-linked securities that Kaixin may undertake. See “— The Kaixin Offering” above.

Automobile Sales Business

In its automobile sales business, Kaixin primarily sells used vehicles and related products and services. Kaixin’s inventory is comprised of used vehicles it purchases from car owners and other sources for resale across its network. As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin had 14 Dealerships in China, offering an inventory of approximately 448 vehicles. Kaixin believes its comprehensive inventory provides a wide selection to its customers. In addition, Kaixin has leveraged its deep technology expertise in generating traffic of potential buyers, providing targeted marketing, and optimizing its operational model.

Kaixin launched its used automobile sales business in the second half of 2017. Kaixin sells premium used cars, including brands such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover and Porsche. Used car sales accounted for 97% and 94% of all of the vehicles Kaixin sold in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Kaixin displays vehicles at its brick-and-mortar showrooms as well as on its Kaixin Auto mobile apps and website. Kaixin also utilizes other online vertical channels, such as Autohome and 58.com. We have found that while our mobile apps and website serve as a key tool for reaching and engaging potential customers, sales generally occur at physical Dealership Outlets given the importance of the showroom and test drive experience in the premium used car segment.

Kaixin only sells vehicles that are passes its thorough inspection process consisting of over 140 steps, which it performs at scale across its network of Dealerships prior to reconditioning. Furthermore, Kaixin’s extensive inventory system maximizes the breadth of vehicle selection for customers at any given location and is displayed on its web and mobile apps to customers nationwide. This results in a higher likelihood that customers are able to find the make, model, year and color combination that they desire. In contrast, traditional dealerships are limited in the range of selection because they typically offer only a local inventory of a few hundred vehicles at each location.

Vehicle Sourcing

Kaixin obtains used vehicle inventory through the large and liquid national used-car market. Kaixin acquires vehicle inventory from a variety of sources, including auto finance and leasing companies, internet-only sales platforms, new car dealers who obtain used cars as trade-ins for their sales, and its own customers. Kaixin has separated the practice of trading in a used vehicle in conjunction with the purchase of another vehicle into two distinct and independent transactions. Kaixin’s sourcing operations are generally conducted by its Dealerships, supported by Kaixin’s Dealer SaaS system, which provides market insights on pricing trends and related market dynamics, popular models and other dealer management functions. In 2018, Kaixin developed a supplemental Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer model for used vehicles whereby it, through its Dealerships, works with local, small-scale auto dealers to obtain used vehicles.

Under the Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer program, Kaixin may advance funds for the purchase of used car inventory, which distinguishes the program from ordinary consignment sales arrangements.

In addition, Kaixin uses internally developed algorithms to advise its Dealerships on desirable car types and appropriate prices, identifying criteria such as make, model, price range, and likely locations of such cars. Kaixin’s software sifts through over 20 million data points per day, yielding approximately 6 million unique items after de-duplication, data normalization and anomaly removal. Using these data, Kaixin can evaluate tens of thousands of potential vehicle purchases each day, giving Kaixin a distinct advantage over traditional in-person sourcing methods. Kaixin utilizes a broad range of data sources, including proprietary internal data and a variety of external data sources to support its assessments. Vehicles sourced by Kaixin generally have relatively low mileage, no accident history and are less than three years old.

Inspection and Reconditioning.

Before Kaixin acquires a vehicle, it undergoes a thorough inspection process, consisting of over 140 steps and covering all major systems, controls, features, brakes, tires and cosmetics. This process was developed by a team which had previously worked at the German Auto Quality Standards Organization. Kaixin does not acquire vehicles in poor condition or vehicles with a history of accidents, water or fire damage, extensive mileage, or other unacceptable attributes. When an inspection is completed, Kaixin estimates the necessary reconditioning cost and expected timing for the vehicle to be made available for sale. Kaixin also determines the scope of the reconditioning scope to bring the vehicle up to Kaixin’s internal quality standards. Each reconditioning location is staffed with trained technicians, and equipped with vehicle lifts, dent repair and paint capabilities. Kaixin also receives on-site support from third-party vendors with whom Kaixin has integrated systems to ensure ready access to parts and materials. Kaixin’s centrally trained repair teams perform routine mechanical and minor body repairs in-house at its Dealerships.

New Car Sales

Our dealership in Ji’nan also offered certain new cars, primarily parallel imports of the same major brands we sell in our used automobile business. During 2018, new car sales accounted for 72.0% of all of the automobiles sold at the Ji’nan dealership and 7.3% of all the automobiles we sold in the same period. Our new car sales model is very similar to the description under “—Used Automobile Sales” above, with the main difference being the sourcing of vehicles, which are typically sourced from manufacturers and other suppliers. However, our Ji’nan dealership has ceased operations pending the resolution of certain legal proceedings, and we sold fewer than 200 new cars in 2019. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more information.

Auto Loan Financing Facilitation

The availability of financing for car sales at Kaixin’s Dealership Outlets is a critical component of the vehicle purchase process. Having an array of financing sources increases likelihood of credit approval, expands financing opportunities for customers and mitigates business risks for dealerships. As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin’s financing facilitation network extended to approximately 400 dealers in over 28 cities. In its financing facilitation business, Kaixin provides customers access to credit across a wide range of the credit spectrum through its partnership with financing partners. These partnerships cover Kaixin’s dealerships as well as a number of other third-party dealers in cities across China. Kaixin also cooperates with other major PRC financing partners through one of its major consumer financing affiliates. In addition to its relationship with these partners, dealerships may partner with other local financing providers.

Kaixin utilizes its sales team, Dealership financial managers and sales agents, as well as representatives from its financing partners, to promote automotive financing solutions and explain the key terms to prospective car buyers. Kaixin provides credit application forms to, and collect completed applications from, prospective car buyers. There is typically an interim period between the financing approval and the disbursement of funds of up to a few weeks. To address this, Kaixin typically provides interim financing to our Dealerships to allow them to complete sales and allow customers to begin to enjoy their purchased vehicles immediately. Kaixin records such interim financing on its balance sheet as current assets. Kaixin’s interim financing is repaid when customers register their vehicles as collateral to the lending bank, which then releases the funds to it.

Kaixin charges financial institutions service fees for credit origination. These service fees are typically based on a percentage of the principal amount of the relevant financing transaction. In its role as a channel partner, Kaixin does not take counterparty risk in connection with these consumer financing activities or carry related assets and liabilities its balance sheet, which it believes is a key advantage over its competitors who do. This reduces risks to Kaixin’s business while giving it the advantages of stability, customer convenience and ability to benefit from this additional source of revenue.

Value-Added Services

In addition to car sales and auto loan financing facilitation, Kaixin offers a number of value-added services to its customers. Kaixin provides these value-added services, including insurance and extended warranties, through its own Dealerships as well as certain other dealers.

Kaixin’s scale and ability to provide an effective channel for insurance brokers and companies to acquire customers have enabled it to negotiate more favorable standard terms for car buyers. Kaixin earns service fees from insurance and extended warranty policy brokers for facilitating the sale of such insurance products.

Insurance. In the third quarter of 2017, Kaixin started to facilitate the sale of insurance products for insurance brokers. Kaixin is able to provide insurance brokers and companies with access to a large number of car buyers, making it a natural and highly efficient partner for them to promote their insurance products. The insurance products currently offered through Kaixin’s platform are related to accident insurance and related products. Kaixin plans to collaborate with additional insurance brokers and companies to facilitate the offering of new types of insurance policies, as Kaixin gains further experience in facilitating insurance products.

Warranties. Beginning in the second quarter of 2018, Kaixin has served as a distribution channel for automobile extended warranty providers to offer their products to its customers.

Kaixin’s Dealership Network

As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin had 14 Dealerships. Kaixin’s network of Dealerships is focused primarily on tier 2 and below cities, where we believe the mix of cost structure, consumer demand and opportunity for growth is most favorable. Below graphic illustrates the scale of Kaixin’s network as of December 31, 2019:

Dealership Evaluation and Selection Process

In expanding its network of dealerships, Kaixin carefully considers potential markets and conducts a systematic evaluation of each potential new site, using a scoring system that it has developed internally. In its scoring system, Kaixin considers a number of factors in the area served, including:

	·	location, nature and quality;

	·	population density;

	·	age distribution and average disposable income of consumers;

	·	spending patterns, dining habits and frequency of consumers;

	·	locations of other car dealerships;

	·	estimated customer traffic;

	·	structure of the dealership, including availability of showroom and parking space; and

	·	rental costs, lease economics and estimated return on investment.

Due to its active and systematic evaluation process, Kaixin is able to maintain a robust pipeline of potential Dealerships and locations. In addition, Kaixin also recommends suitable locations for its existing Dealerships to expand their operations.

Management of Dealerships

Kaixin has adopted an operating model for its auto sales business which we believe aligns the economic interests of Kaixin’s Dealerships with its overall business. Kaixin provides capital, a unified brand, a technology system and operational coordination to its Dealerships, in which it retains majority control. Under this model, all of the cash flows, operational activities and financial and accounting recordkeeping across its Dealerships are centrally managed. Marketing and promotional activities are also centrally managed, although certain aspects may be executed at the Dealership level. Kaixin also supports Dealerships with its Dealer SaaS Platform. Powered by big data and AI, the platform provides its Dealerships with market insights and dealer management functionality, including inventory management, used car assessment, customer management, order management, financing management and reporting, and assists Dealerships in making day-to-day operational decisions. It also empowers its Dealerships’ sales via data mining, analysis of existing customer data and online lead generation.

Kaixin believes that its Dealership model promotes customer loyalty and provides significant operational advantages, by introducing standard practices, such as operational rules, legal documentation and processes. It also creates a common culture to promote bonding and buy-in among Kaixin’s direct employees, dealers and other workers across its platform.

Kaixin’s internal team for Dealership management is responsible for day-to-day operational matters as well as development and expansion of its Dealership network. One of their responsibilities is to monitor compliance with the operational obligations for the management of Kaixin’s Dealerships. We refer to these obligations as the “constitution” governing the management of Kaixin’s Dealerships.

They include:

synchronization of the financial system, business processes and rules and regulations with Kaixin’s platform, such as:

financial regulations, which cover use of funds, revenue recognition and other accounting regulations;

vehicle procurement standards;

vehicle evaluation and quality control, relating to used car evaluation, certification and pricing;

inventory management, which covers warehousing and outbound regulations;

vehicle sales regulations, which cover display and marketing;

personnel and organization structure regulations; and

management regulations, which relate to facility development and management;

	·	adoption of Kaixin’s Dealer SaaS system, which is the primary tool for monitoring compliance; and

adoption of Kaixin’s governance structure, which requires that the board of each special purpose holding company that holds the ownership interests in one or more dealerships consists of three directors, two of whom are appointed by Kaixin.

In the event that these conditions are not fulfilled, Kaixin is entitled to recourse against the seller of the Dealership or terminate the equity purchase agreement. Kaixin also has the option to terminate the equity purchase agreement in certain circumstances, including but not limited to, the death or incapacity of the seller, issues of integrity or criminal conviction of the seller, material default by the seller, or our failure to complete an initial public offering within three years following signing of the relevant equity purchase agreement due to third-party reasons or force majeure. A seller may suspend or terminate Dealership services voluntarily or involuntarily due to various reasons, including our failure to complete an initial public offering within three years following entry into the relevant equity purchase agreement for reasons other than third-party reasons or force majeure. In connection with the Kaixin Offering, Kaixin entered into amendment agreements with Dealership operators in January 2019 pursuant to which it was confirmed that the Kaixin Offering qualifies as an initial public offering, and that Renren will be responsible for settling contingent obligations to Dealership operators and indemnify Kaixin for related liabilities.

Kaixin’s relationships with its dealerships are described in further detail below under “—Certain Legal Arrangements—Legal Arrangements with Dealerships.”

Certain Legal Arrangements

Kaixin has entered into a series of legal arrangements with its dealerships, platform participants and other related parties, which are described in further detail below.

Legal Arrangements with Dealerships

Equity Purchase Agreement

One of Kaixin’s variable interest entity, Shanghai Jieying, is the contracting party under the equity purchase arrangements relating to its Dealerships, as supplemented from time to time. In addition to the equity purchase agreements, Kaixin also purchased all car inventories from each dealership for cash at fair value. Pursuant to the relevant equity purchase agreement, Shanghai Jieying, as purchaser, agrees with the shareholder(s) of an existing car dealership, as seller(s), to purchase a majority interest in the business according to the terms summarized below:

	·	The shareholder(s) of the dealership agree to set up a new special purpose holding entity to which the shareholder(s) transfer the eligible assets, employees and business contracts owned and leased by the existing dealership to Shanghai Jieying. In turn, Shanghai Jieying agrees to subscribe for a portion of the equity from the seller(s) and contributes cash to the new entity to ultimately hold 70% of the equity interests in the new entity, consisting of 40% of the equity interests in the new entity transferred from the seller(s), or the Transferred Equity, and 30% of the equity interests in the new entity as a capital increase of the new entity, or the New Equity.

	·	As consideration for the Transferred Equity, Shanghai Jieying agrees to pay to the shareholder(s) shares issued by Kaixin or other future overseas holding entity of Shanghai Jieying, or the Listing Entity, to the seller(s) or seller’s overseas holding entity, at the per share valuation in the listing of the Listing Entity, or the Listing, calculated as follows:

	·	First Payment: The amount of the first payment is calculated as all pre-tax operational profit generated by the special purpose holding company prior to the Listing multiplied by Shanghai Jieying’s ownership percentage in the special purpose holding entity.

	·	Subsequent Payments: The total amount of the subsequent payments is calculated as all pre-tax operational profit generated by the special purpose holding company during the relevant performance benchmark period, multiplied by Shanghai Jieying’s ownership percentage in the special purpose holding company, multiplied further by a factor of 12, payable in five equal installments.

	·	The calculation method of the acquisition price involved in the special purpose holding company’s acquisition and opening of a new Dealership Outlet is the same as the above provisions, but the date of calculation of the specific performance benchmark period is determined by the board of directors of the special purpose holding company.

Each subsequent payment is subject to adjustment based on a performance target of a compound growth rate of the special purpose holding company’s profit of 110%, using the initial performance benchmark period as the baseline. In the event that the special purpose holding company’s performance exceeds the target for the year, the share consideration payable to it is increased proportionally, but the number of additional shares shall not exceed 150% of the number of shares nominally payable for such performance benchmark period. In the event that the special purpose holding company’s performance is lower than the target for the relevant year, the value of the share consideration payable to it shall be proportionally reduced, subject to a bottom limit of 50% of the value of the shares nominally payable for the relevant period.

The initial performance benchmark period is defined as the twelve-month period immediately prior to the completion of the Listing, if the holding company’s performance inclusion date, which is the date of the first month following inclusion of the relevant holding company’s results in Kaixin’s financial reporting, is at least 12 months prior to the date of the Listing. In the event that the special purpose holding company’s performance inclusion date is less than 12 months prior to the completion of the Listing, then each performance benchmark period is calculated as the twelve-month period following its performance inclusion date.

The agreement further provides that on the date when the special purpose holding company opens a new Dealership Outlet or acquires other car dealership business, a separate performance metric may be agreed upon by the parties starting from such date, with the specific performance evaluation method for the new or acquired business is agreed upon by both parties.

In the case of Kaixin’s Dealerships, each city is covered by a single, separate special purpose holding company, which operates one or more Dealership Outlets in the relevant city. As of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we carried contingent consideration with a fair value amounting to US$66.8 million, US$105.7 million and US$1.0 million, respectively.

In connection with the Kaixin Offering, Kaixin entered into amendment agreements with Dealership operators in January 2019 pursuant to which it was confirmed that the Kaixin Offering qualifies as a Listing, and that Renren will be responsible for settling contingent obligations to Dealership operators and indemnify Kaixin for related liabilities.

Ancillary Agreements with Dealerships

In addition to the equity purchase agreements governing the major aspects of the legal and financial relationships between Kaixin and the partners with whom it works to operate its Dealerships starting in 2018, Kaixin has also entered into a series of ancillary agreements which are generally designed for compliance with PRC laws and regulations and for value-added tax optimization purposes. Revenue for 2018 was primarily generated from transactions under these ancillary agreements and we expect future revenue from automobile sales to be primarily generated from transactions under these ancillary agreements. Prior to 2018, Kaixin’s used car purchase and sale agreements generally resulted in Shanghai Jieying being considered as the legal owner of such vehicles, including while they were held in inventory.

The following is a summary of the typical key terms of the ancillary agreements Kaixin enters into in connection with its auto sales operations since 2018. Kaixin may depart from these terms from time to time based on local conditions, counterparty demands, tax or regulatory considerations or other reasons.

Used Vehicle Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the agreement among the owner of a used car as seller, a senior member of management of Shanghai Jieying, or a Jieying Executive, as purchaser, and a Dealership employee, as registered owner:

A Jieying Executive is to purchase the used car and register it in the name of a designated employee of the relevant Dealership.

Shanghai Jieying provides technology consulting services and operational management system services to the Jieying Executive, who in turn pays service fees to Shanghai Jieying.

Used Car Agency Services Agreement. Pursuant to the agreement among Shanghai Jieying, a Jieying Executive, the relevant Dealership and the shareholders of such Dealership:

The Jieying Executive entrusts the Dealership to purchase, sell, manage, repair and show used cars on his or her behalf.

Shanghai Jieying pays a monthly fee to the Dealership based on the business performance of the Dealership.

The Jieying Executive is to complete the transfer procedures for the purchase and sale of automobiles.

Vehicle Consignment Agreement. Pursuant to the agreement between a Jieying Executive, as principal, and a Dealership employee, as agent:

The Jieying Executive authorizes the Dealership employee to purchase a vehicle on his or her behalf.

The Jieying Executive authorizes the Dealership employee to register such Dealership employee as the named transferee of the vehicle and the owner of the vehicle, while the Jieying Executive retains legal ownership of the vehicle.

When the vehicle is sold by the Jieying Executive, the Dealership employee is to handle third-party transfer procedures in a timely manner.

Loan and Service Agreement. Pursuant to the agreement between a Jieying Executive, as borrower, and Shanghai Jieying, as lender:

Shanghai Jieying provides loans to the Jieying Executive for purchasing used cars.

Proceeds from used cars sold by the Jieying Executive on behalf of Shanghai Jieying are used in their entirety to repay the loan. Proceeds in excess of the principal are designated as a service fee paid to Shanghai Jieying from the Jieying Executive.

Used Vehicle Sales Agreement. Pursuant to the agreement among a Jieying Executive, as seller, a customer, as purchaser, a designated Dealership employee, as the registration transferor, and Shanghai Jieying, as service provider:

When the Jieying Executive sells a used car to the customer, the automobile registration is transferred from the Dealership employee to the customer. The sale proceeds are transferred to the account designated by the management employee of Shanghai Jieying.

Shanghai Jieying provides technology consulting services and operational management system services to the Jieying Executive, who in turn pays service fees to Shanghai Jieying, which are deducted from the proceeds of the car sale.

To illustrate, when Kaixin sources an automobile pursuant to a Used Vehicle Purchase Agreement, the seller is entitled to payment for the car, and the legal title is transferred to a Jieying Executive, with the registration in the name of one of a Dealership employees. The Jieying Executive is authorized to enter into this purchase agreement pursuant to the Used Vehicle Agency Agreement, and the Dealership employee similarly is authorized to enter into the agreement pursuant to the Vehicle Consignment Agreement. Funds are paid directly by Shanghai Jieying to the seller of the car.

When a used car is sold, the Jieying Executive transfers the legal ownership to the purchaser, while the Dealership employee completes the registration transfer from his or her name to the name of the purchaser. The proceeds are remitted to Shanghai Jieying.

Based on the agreements, neither the Jieying Executive nor the Dealership employee bears any risk of loss or has any future economic benefit. Neither party ever places their own funds at risk and any potential losses resulting from the purchase and sale of the car are borne by Shanghai Jieying. Similarly, neither of these individuals is able to benefit from the expected increase in the price of the car resulting from completion of sale to a third-party customer; all of the future economic benefit is remitted directly to Shanghai Jieying. Additionally, Shanghai Jieying effectively controls the entire process starting from the purchase of the car, including from whom to purchase a car, the purchase price, and ultimately the sale of the car to a third party. In addition, Shanghai Jieying has the sole directive as to which Jieying Executive will enter into the Loan and Service Agreement with Shanghai Jieying and to which Dealership employee it will assign the registration of the car. Furthermore, it is within Shanghai Jieying’s sole power to redirect the Loan and Service Agreement and title and registration of the car.

When the special purpose entity holding one of our Dealerships is formed, the prior owner holds 30% of the equity interests in the entity, and Shanghai Jieying holds 70% of the equity interests. Kaixin provides inventory financing to these Dealerships using its own funds as well funds from as third-party financing partners. Kaixin also monitors the financial performance of its Dealerships on a real-time basis through its Dealer SaaS platform.

Arrangements with Certain Other Dealers

In addition to its Dealerships, Kaixin also engages with certain other dealers through its platform, primarily to meet its inventory needs by collaborating with them and providing them with financing. Kaixin works with both large dealers, who may have a broader and more diverse inventory collection and more need for its financing services, and small dealers, who may have better local knowledge or offer their inventory on more attractive terms. In 2018, Kaixin initiated the Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer program. Under this program, dealers may enter into Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer arrangements pursuant to which they sell to Kaixin used car inventory for display in our showrooms, subject to a profit sharing agreement pursuant to which they are entitled to a portion of the sale profits. Under the Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer program, Kaixin may advance funds for the purchase of used car inventory, which differentiates the program from ordinary consignment sales arrangements, which Kaixin utilized prior to 2018.

The inventory of a Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer is subject to the same quality standards as all of its other used cars on offer, including our inspection process consisting of over 140 steps. In the event that a car is not sold within 45 days, Kaixin is authorized to sell it back at the purchase price. Kaixin also supports dealers with its Dealer SaaS Platform, which provides market insights and dealer management functionality. These services significantly strengthen Kaixin’s relationships with dealers, which in turn enhance the value of its platform to financial institutions, car buyers and other dealers.

As of December 31, 2019, our Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer Network included 1,200 dealers, representing approximately 1.2% of used car dealers in China. As of the same date, our Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealer Network covered 62 cities in 28 province-level administrative regions in China.

Kaixin manages its relationships with affiliated network dealers through a dedicated in-house team. Responsibilities of this team include sourcing, review and approval of dealer financing relationships, monitoring of vehicles sourced from dealers, and management of its dealer database. Kaixin monitors performance data on a real-time basis through its Dealer SaaS system.

To ensure the quality of its dealer network as well as to prevent potential fraud risk, Kaixin has implemented rigorous procedures to screen dealers based on their licensing status, operational history, scale, location and various other factors. Kaixin maintains an internal blacklist of fraudulent dealers, and Kaixin also uses a third-party database to identify whether a dealer has been involved in significant lawsuits. Kaixin’s screening procedures include an on-site visit, during which its sales team interviews the dealership manager, examines the dealer’s business licenses and makes inquiries about its business. Kaixin’s sales team records its findings electronically in its sales management system and submits the findings electronically to a group of around ten supervisors based at Kaixin’s headquarters, who make the final decision as to whether the dealer can join the Kaixin network.

Through its sales management system, Kaixin constantly monitors and evaluates dealer performance, including factors such as the quality of vehicles it sources from them, as well as the dealership’s sales performance.

Legal Arrangements with Financial Institutions

Financial institutions are important business partners to Kaixin’s platform. Kaixin acts as a key channel partner for financial institutions to participate in the rapidly expanding and dynamic automotive finance industry in China. Traditional financial institutions typically lack the necessary technology, human resources, industry specialization and/or geographic reach to provide automotive financing, especially in tier 2 and below cities. Kaixin’s services enable financial institutions to broaden their reach to car buyers through its apps and network of Dealerships. Kaixin’s collaboration with financial institutions has enabled it to scale up its business and facilitate a large number of car sales without straining its own capital resources. In 2019, approximately 12.8% of Kaixin’s car sales were supported by a financing arrangement. Kaixin receives service fees from financial institutions for facilitating automotive financing transactions to car buyers. As of December 31, 2019, Kaixin was in collaboration with several third-party financial institutions.

Through its VIE, Shanghai Jieying, Kaixin entered into agreements with Ping An Bank, for whom it sources customers who take out loans from the bank. Pursuant to these agreements, Kaixin directs its Dealerships to offer loans to customers when making a sale. When a loan is made, the financing partner pays service fees to Shanghai Jieying, calculated based on the principal amount of the loan and the interest rate, provided that the term of the loan shall be three years. Kaixin’s cooperation agreement with Ping An Bank expired on June 30, 2020, and there is no current plan to renew the agreement in the near term.

Kaixin’s agreement with another financing partner similarly provides for service fees to be paid to it in connection with auto loan financing referrals, which is calculated based on the principal amount of the loan, the annual percentage rate, adjusted for market fees, processing fees, appraisal fees and security fees, if applicable. The term of such agreement ends in March 2022.

Our SaaS Businesses

We are developing a lead generation and customer relationship management (CRM) solution for real estate professionals in the United States under the brand name Chime. Chime is a comprehensive SaaS platform being designed to offer CRM, IDX and team management solutions and help real estate professionals launch marketing campaigns, track leads’ activities, build customer relationships, manage websites and seamlessly communicate with teams across multiple devices. Through cooperation with these top real estate professionals, Chime consolidates digital tools used in the real estate industry into one mobile-based easy-to-use platform.

We launched Chime in August 2016. Our Chime team consists of 205 employees as of December 31, 2019, among which 114 employees are responsible for research and development, 75 employees are responsible for sales and 16 employees are responsible for operations and general administration. Our Chime research and development team is based in Beijing and Wuhan and our Chime sales and operation teams are based in Utah. This business is still in an early stage.

In August 2017, we acquired 100% of Geographic Farming, LLC, a 360° real estate marketing and media service provider. Geographic Farming provides fully customizable lead capture landing pages that offer multiple home value estimates. We have enhanced Geographic Farming with Chime’s customer relation management solution.

Sales and Marketing

Automobile Sales

We believe that the customer base for our Kaixin business is similar to the overall market for premium automobiles. To date, the growth of our Kaixin automobile sales business has primarily been through customer referrals. We also believe that our strong customer focus ensures customer loyalty which will drive both repeat purchases and referrals. Kaixin’s sales are primarily made in-store, but we have invested heavily in online sales channels, including through the Kaixin app and web interfaces. We also utilize other online vertical channels such as Autohome and 58.com. We believe that this is a key advantage over our competitors, whether traditional dealers, who do not have a strong online presence, or online-only competitors, who lack the offline infrastructure and in-store experience that Kaixin is able to provide.

Marketing and Brand Promotion

Kaixin believes that brand recognition is important to its ability to attract users. Kaixin co-brands its Dealerships, many of which have an established local brand, to associate their existing brands with the Kaixin brand. “Kaixin” means “happiness” in Chinese and has had strong impact and positive responses in other applications, including a social gaming platform previously operated by Renren. By empowering its Dealerships with this highly recognizable brand name, Kaixin aims to help them gain further credibility and trustworthiness.

To date, user recognition of the Kaixin brand has primarily grown organically and by referrals, and Kaixin has built its brand with modest marketing and brand promotion expenditures. To encourage such organic growth, Kaixin focuses on continuously improving the quality of its services, as it believes that satisfied customers and their friends are more likely to recommend its services to others. In addition, Kaixin work with Dealerships on marketing initiatives to further leverage its brand value. Kaixin’s Dealerships also engage in certain other promotional activities, including placement of local radio ads. Kaixin has disposed of the right to use the Renren brand to the purchaser of our SNS business. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Sale of SNS Business.”

We anticipate that our future sales and marketing expenses will consist primarily of performance-based advertising, with the focus of driving traffic that will translate into customer purchases. We believe this is an appropriate strategy in the premium used car market, where customers are widely distributed and engage in used car transactions relatively infrequently. We expect that these advertisements will generally fall into three areas: vertical automotive media, selected online channels and selected offline channels. In addition to paid channels, we intend to attract new customers through enhancing our media and public relations efforts, including organic marketing to enhance its reputation. Although we may have to expand our promotions from time to time, especially when we launch new services or products, we expect our marketing expenses for these promotions will be relatively small when compared to those of our principal competitors.

Customer Services

Each of Kaixin’s Dealerships has a team of customer support specialists who provide assistance to customers. Our specialists are available to assist customers with questions that arise throughout the car purchase process. These specialists are available via online chat or telephone and help customers navigate the website, answer specific questions and assist in loan applications. We take a consultative approach with customers, offering live support and acting as a trusted partner to guide them through each phase of the purchase lifecycle. We are committed to providing customers with a high quality transaction experience. The effectiveness of the Kaixin model is reflected in its strong customer referrals. We focus on developing our customer support specialists and providing them with the information and resources they need to offer exceptional customer service.

Customer Lifecycle

Kaixin’s customers typically experience the following service stages:

Search and Discovery. Kaixin attracts customers through a variety of channels, including referrals, walk-ins, especially for certain of its Dealerships located in prime areas, and online performance-based advertising. Kaixin believes referrals are key to its customers as they will want to purchase used cars from a business they can trust. Kaixin’s website and mobile apps allow prospective car buyers to instantly browse, research, filter and identify vehicles that interest them from an inventory of hundreds of automobiles that Kaixin offers for sale at any given time. Kaixin has also developed a series of innovative features to enhance customer experience and enable better product discovery, such as engaging images and other content, as well as easy-to-use site navigation tools and personalization features. In addition, Kaixin also utilizes other online vertical channels such as Autohome and 58.com. When customers click on listings, they are able to leave their contact information, which will be forwarded to Kaixin’s sales team at the relevant Dealership. A member of the Dealership sales team will make an appointment with the customer to visit the showroom.

Transaction Execution. A customer may decide to purchase a vehicle on the first visit to a Kaixin showroom, although in the premium segment, customers often spend some time before making a final purchase decision. Once a purchase decision has been made, the customer is able to complete the purchase at a Dealership Outlet and if desired, apply for a loan to purchase the car through one of our partners. They are able to complete purchases rapidly, pending only approval of financing when it is required. Once a loan is approved by one of Kaixin’s main financing partners, there is typically a waiting period of up to a few weeks before the bank releases the loan funds to the customer. Kaixin uses its own capital during the interim period between approval and release of funds by the financing partner. Kaixin strives to limit hidden fees, such that a single price it charges includes transfer of title and registration fees.

Financing and Payment. Through Kaixin’s financing partners, Kaixin offers down-payment and monthly payment combinations that allow customers to choose their preferred financing. Kaixin has integrated its system with that of its financing partner to allow customers to apply for financing online or on-site at Kaixin’s Dealership Outlets.

Trade-in. In the event a customer wishes to trade in an existing car, Kaixin can quickly provide a price estimate with our technology system powered by big data analytics. Kaixin typically offers favorable trade-in terms in connection with sales.

Post-sale customer care. Once customers receive their cars, Kaixin’s customer service representatives manage the post-sale coordination and service call process. Kaixin believes its post-sale services help cement the confidence of its customers in the quality of its vehicles, which in turn leads to referrals and repeat business.

Competition

The PRC automobile marketplace is highly fragmented. There are more than 100,000 used car dealerships in the PRC, but the top 100 used car auto dealers collectively has less than 10% market share by trading volume, according to iResearch. A number of used vehicles are also bought and sold through privately negotiated transactions.

Kaixin primarily competes on the basis of its deep understanding of consumer needs and offering of numerous product choices from its substantial inventory.

Kaixin’s Technology

Kaixin’s business is driven by data and technology at all stages of the process, from inventory purchasing, reconditioning, photography and annotation through online merchandising, sales, financing, logistics, and delivery. Our proprietary and exclusive technology portfolio includes the following aspects:

Customer Interface

Through Kaixin’s mobile apps and website, Kaixin allows customers to conveniently browse vehicle inventory, arrange visits to showrooms, and understand the car buying process. Users are also able to pay deposits online once an automobile is selected and reserve it for purchase. Users who desire to sell their cars to Kaixin are able to input information to receive an estimate for the sale of their car.

Dealer SaaS System

Kaixin’s Dealer SaaS system is designed to cover every aspect of a car dealer’s daily operations, including finance, inventory, sales, procurement, vehicle assessment, and value-added services to improve operational efficiency. Kaixin also provides market data insights to assist dealers in their inventory procurement and marketing. All of its Dealerships can use this platform. In addition, Kaixin’s platform is open to Kaixin Affiliated Network Dealers. Any premium car dealer will be able to provide quality cars to our inventory system for other car dealers to choose from, improve the sharing and exchange of vehicle information and help increase turnover. The Dealer SaaS system is supported by cloud-based functions, and we also provide certain functions via Kaixin’s mobile apps and website.

The following graphic depicts the structure and functions of Kaixin’s Dealer SaaS platform:

Big data analytics

Kaixin’s big data analytics system collects over 20 million data points daily, covering approximately 490 cities. After de-duplication, data normalization and anomaly removal, these data yield approximately 5 million unique, highly relevant data items related to used vehicles for further analysis. Key inputs for this system include used car make, model, pricing and sales data, which Kaixin gathers from most major online used car vehicle data sources in China at a national level. Kaixin also leverages data sourced from Che Yi Pai, a B2B used car auction service provider. These data provide a 360-degree view of market conditions using AI technology. Kaixin derives auto listing volumes and historical supply and demand trends; sales data at the province level; and pricing and sales data at the municipality level, to generate actionable insights for its business, including inventory analysis, procurement intelligence and trend tracking. For instance, Kaixin is able to generate supply and demand curves for used cars of various models, brands and prices for specified time periods and in specified provinces and cities.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property includes trademarks and trademark applications related to our brands and services, copyrights in software, trade secrets, patent applications and other intellectual property rights and licenses. We seek to protect our intellectual property assets and brand through a combination of monitoring and enforcement of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret protection laws in the PRC and other jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and procedures.

In March 2018, Renren transferred to Kaixin the kaixin.com domain name and, in May 2018, an affiliate of Renren granted Kaixin an exclusive license to use its “Kaixin” brand. Further, Kaixin has registered its brand name “开心汽车” which translates to “Kaixin Auto” in class 35 for services including promotion for others, purchase for others, providing online markets for sellers and purchasers of goods and services, marketing, etc., which is crucial to our business. However, trademark registrations in other categories related but less crucial to our business, including automobile maintenance, have not been obtained by Kaixin or an affiliate of Renren. Therefore, for such business, Kaixin is unable to prevent any third party from using the Kaixin brand for business that is the same or similar to ours. As China has adopted a “first-to-file” trademark registration system and there are trademarks similar to our brand which have been registered in those categories that are related to our business, We may not be able to successfully register our brand and may be exposed to risk of infringement with respect to third party trademark rights. For further details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our own intellectual property rights may be infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

Seasonality

Our automobile sales business is affected by seasonality in automobile sales, which tends to affect dealers’ need for financing for new inventory. Automobile sales tend to be lower in the first quarter of each year than in the other three quarters due to the effect of the Chinese New Year holiday. As our auto sales business is still growing rapidly, seasonality may be less evident than it otherwise would be, and as its business continues to evolve, the nature of seasonality may change.

Regulation

This section summarizes the principal current PRC laws and regulations relevant to our business and operations.

Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunications Services

In 2000, the State Council promulgated the Telecommunications Regulations which draw a distinction between “basic telecommunication services” and “value-added telecommunication services.” The Telecommunications Regulations were subsequently revised in 2014 and again in 2016. In December 2015, the MIIT published the Classification Catalogue of Telecommunications Services, or the Catalogue, which took effect on March 1, 2016 and most recently updated on June 6, 2019. The first catalogue was published in September 2000 and was subsequently amended in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Under the Catalogue, “value-added telecommunication services” was further classified into two sub-categories and 10 items. Internet content provision services, or ICP services, is under the second subcategory of value-added telecommunications businesses. Under the Telecommunications Regulations, commercial operators of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain an operating license from the MIIT or its provincial level counterparts.

In 2000, the State Council issued the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the Internet Measures, which were subsequently revised in 2011. According to the Internet Measures, commercial ICP service operators must obtain an ICP license from the relevant government authorities before engaging in any commercial ICP operations within the PRC.

In 2009, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating License, or the Telecom License Measures. On July 3, 2017, Telecom License Measures was further revised and it became effective on September 1, 2017. The Telecom License Measures set forth the types of licenses required to operate value-added telecommunications services and the qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses. For example, an ICP operator providing value-added services in multiple provinces is required to obtain an interregional license, whereas an ICP operator providing the same services in one province is required to obtain a local license.

To comply with these laws and regulations, each of our ICP operators, Shanghai Jieying, Qianxiang Wangjing and Wole Shijie holds an ICP license.

Restrictions on Foreign Ownership in Value-Added Telecommunications Services

According to the Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Provisions, promulgated by the State Council in December 2001 and amended in September 2008 and 2016, the ultimate foreign equity ownership in a value-added telecommunications service provider must not exceed 50%. Moreover, for a foreign investor to acquire any equity interest in a value-added telecommunication business in China, it must demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications services. Foreign investors that meet these requirements must obtain approvals from the MIIT and the Ministry of Commerce or its authorized local branches, and the relevant approval application process usually takes six to nine months.

In 2006, the MIIT issued the Notice of the MIIT on Intensifying the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services. This notice prohibits domestic telecommunication services providers from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunications business operating licenses to any foreign investor in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to any foreign investor for their illegal operation of a telecommunications business in China. According to this notice, either the holder of a value-added telecommunication business operating license or its shareholders must legally own the domain names and trademarks used by such license holders in their provision of value-added telecommunication services. The notice further requires each license holder to have the necessary facilities, including servers, for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license. In addition, all value-added telecommunications service providers are required to maintain network and internet security in accordance with the standards set forth in relevant PRC regulations. If a license holder fails to comply with the requirements in the notice and cure such non-compliance, the MIIT or its local counterparts have the discretion to take measures against such license holders, including revoking their value-added telecommunications business operating licenses.

The National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law on March 15, 2019 and the State Council approved the Regulation on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law (the “Implementation Regulations”) on December 12, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, which replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law and Implementation Regulations embody an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Regulations reference a negative industry list for foreign investment’s access into various PRC domestic industries. This negative list has been updated from time to time by the State Council and sets forth industry sectors prohibited to foreign investment. According to the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2019) issued on June 30, 2019, or the Negative List, the ultimate foreign equity ownership of a value-added telecommunications service provider in the PRC may not exceed 50%.

The Supreme People’s Court of China issued a judicial interpretation on the Foreign Investment Law on December 27, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, to ensure fair and efficient implementation of the Foreign Investment Law. According to the judicial interpretation, courts in China shall not, among other things, support contracted parties to claim foreign investment contracts in sectors not on the Negative List as void because the contracts have not been approved or registered by administrative authorities. In addition, courts in China shall support contracted parties who claim (i) foreign investment contracts for sectors prohibited by the Negative List as void, or (ii) foreign investment contracts in sectors where foreign investment is restricted as void because the contracts have violated the restrictions in the Negative List.

To comply with these regulations, we operate our websites through our PRC domestic companies, Qianxiang Wangjing and Shanghai Jieying, each of which holds the relevant licenses and permits.

Regulations on Internet Content Services

National security considerations are an important factor in the regulation of internet content in China. The National People’s Congress, the PRC’s national legislature, has enacted laws with respect to maintaining the security of internet operations and internet content. According to these laws, as well as the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, violators may be subject to penalties, including criminal sanctions, for internet content that:

	·	opposes the fundamental principles stated in the PRC constitution;

compromises national security, divulges state secrets, subverts state power or damages national unity;

harms the dignity or interests of the state;

incites ethnic hatred or racial discrimination or damages inter-ethnic unity;

undermines the PRC’s religious policy or propagates superstition;

disseminates rumors, disturbs social order or disrupts social stability;

disseminates obscenity or pornography, encourages gambling, violence, murder or fear or incites the commission of a crime;

insults or slanders a third party or infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party; or

is otherwise prohibited by law or administrative regulations.

ICP service operators are required to monitor their websites. They may not post or disseminate any content that falls within these prohibited categories and must remove any such content from their websites. The PRC government may shut down the websites of ICP license holders that violate any of the above-mentioned content restrictions, order them to suspend their operations, or revoke their ICP licenses.

In February 2015, the China Internet Network Information Center promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Account Names of Internet Users, which became effective as of March 1, 2015. These provisions require all internet information service users to authenticate their real identity information for the registration of accounts and to comply with seven basic requirements, including observing the laws and regulations, upholding the socialist regime, protecting state interests and, among other requirements, ensuring the authenticity of any information they provide. Relevant internet information service providers are responsible for the protection of users’ privacy, the consistency of user information, such as account names, avatars, and the requirements contemplated in the provisions, making reports to the competent authorities regarding any violation of the provisions, and taking appropriate measures to stop any such violations, such as notifying the user to make corrections within a specified time and suspending or closing accounts in the event of continue non-compliance.

On December 15, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China promulgated the Regulations on the Ecological Governance of Network Information Content, effective from March 1, 2020, which specify the content scopes that are encouraged, prohibited or prevented from producing, re-producing and publishing. The network information content producers should take measures to prevent and resist the production of content that, among others, uses exaggerated titles that are inconsistent with the content, may incite racism or discrimination against geographic region, and propagates gossip and scandals. The network information content service platforms should fulfill the main responsibility of content management and establish an ecological governance mechanism of the network information, improve system for user registration, account management, information publishing review, emergency response, and etc. The network information content service users, network information content producers and network information content service platforms should not, through manual or technical means, carry out acts, such as traffic falsification, traffic hijacking, false registration of account IDs, illegal trading of account IDs, or manipulation of user account IDs, that destroy network ecology.

To comply with these laws and regulations, we have adopted internal procedures to monitor content displayed on our websites, including a team of employees dedicated to screening and monitoring content uploaded on our websites and removing inappropriate or infringing content.

Regulations on Internet Publishing

The Administrative Provisions on Online Publishing Services, or the Online Publishing Provisions, was jointly issued by the MIIT and the State General Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television in 2016, and came into effect on March 10, 2016. The Online Publishing Provisions define “online publishing services” as providing online publications to the public through information networks. Any online publishing services provided in the territory of the PRC are subject to these provisions. The Online Publishing Provisions requires any internet publishing services provider to obtain an online publishing service license to engage in online publishing services. Under the Online Publishing Provisions, online publications refers to digital works which have publishing features such as digital work that have been edited, produced or processed and which are made available to the public through information networks, including written works, pictures, maps, games, cartoons, audio/video reading materials and other methods. Any online game shall obtain approval from SAPPRFT before it is launched online. Furthermore, Sino-foreign equity joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises cannot engage in providing web publishing services.

Regulations on Information Security

The Ministry of Public Security promulgated measures in 1997, further revised in 2011, that prohibit the use of the internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or the distribution of socially destabilizing content. Socially destabilizing content includes any content that incites defiance or violations of PRC laws or regulations or subversion of the PRC government or its political system, spreads socially disruptive rumors or involves cult activities, superstition, obscenities, pornography, gambling or violence. State secrets are defined broadly to include information concerning PRC national defense, state affairs and other matters as determined by the PRC authorities. In addition, the State Secrecy Bureau has issued provisions authorizing the blocking of access to any website it deems to be leaking state secrets or failing to comply with the relevant legislation regarding the protection of state secrets.

In 2005, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, which require all ICP operators to keep records of certain information about their users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days and submit the above information as required by laws and regulations. The ICP operators must regularly update information security systems for their websites with local public security authorities, and must also report any public dissemination of prohibited content. If an ICP operator violates these measures, the PRC government may revoke its ICP license and shut down its websites.

In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law, which came into effect on June 1, 2017. This is the first Chinese law that focuses exclusively on cyber security. The Cyber Security Law provides that network operators must set up internal security management systems that meet the requirements of a classified protection system for cybersecurity, including appointing dedicated cybersecurity personnel, taking technical measures to prevent computer viruses, network attacks and intrusions, taking technical measures to monitor and record network operation status and cybersecurity incidents, and taking data security measures such as data classification, backup and encryption. The Cybersecurity Law also imposes a relatively vague but broad obligation to provide technical support and assistance to the public and state security authorities in connection with criminal investigations or for reasons of national security. The Cybersecurity Law also requires network operators that provide network access or domain name registration services, landline or mobile phone network access, or that provide users with information publication or instant messaging services, to require users to provide a real identity when they sign up. The Cyber Security Law sets high requirements for the operational security of facilities deemed to be part of the PRC’s “critical information infrastructure.” These requirements include data localization, i.e., storing personal information and important business data in China, and national security review requirements for any network products or services that may have an impact on national security. Among other factors, “critical information infrastructure” is defined as critical information infrastructure that will, in the event of destruction, loss of function or data leak, result in serious damage to national security, the national economy and people’s livelihood, or the public interest. Specific reference is made to key sectors such as public communication and information services, energy, transportation, water-resources, finance, public service and e-government. However, no official guidelines as to the scope of “critical information infrastructure” have been formally issued.

On November 15, 2018, the Cyberspace Administration of China and the Ministry of Public Security jointly promulgated the Regulations for the Security Assessment of Internet Information Services Having Public Opinion Properties or Social Mobilization Capacity, which deems microblogging, live streaming, information sharing services as internet information having public opinion properties or social mobilization capacity. The service providers providing such services are required to conduct security assessments when they launch new online services, expand the functionality of their existing services, introduce new technologies or applications, experience a significant increase in user base, witness the spread of unlawful or harmful information, or any other circumstance identified by the cybersecurity authorities. These service providers are required to submit security assessment reports to the local cybersecurity authorities and public security bureau via the National Internet Security Management Service Platform

On January 23, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued the Notice on Special Governance of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information via Apps, which restates the requirement of legal collection and use of personal information, encourages APP operators to conduct security certifications, and encourages search engines and APP stores to clearly mark and recommend those certified APPs.

On March 15, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued the Notice on App Security Certification and the Implementation Rules on Security Certification of Mobile Internet Application, which encourages mobile application operators to voluntarily obtain app security certification, and search engines and app stores are encouraged to recommend certified applications to users. The institution designated for this certification is the China Cybersecurity Review Technology and Certification Center, and this institution has the right to appoint testing agencies to inspect technical capabilities and business operations for the certification.

Our PRC companies which are ICP operators have completed the mandatory security filing procedures with the respective local public security authorities, regularly update their information security and content-filtering systems with newly issued content restrictions, and maintain records of users’ information as required by the relevant laws and regulations. They have also taken measures to delete or remove links to content that to their knowledge contains information violating PRC laws and regulations. Substantially all of the content published on our websites is manually screened by employees who are dedicated to screening and monitoring content published on our website and removing prohibited content. All of the other content, primarily consisting of comments posted by users, is first screened by our filtering systems and content containing prohibited words or images is manually screened by our employees. We believe that with these measures in place, no prohibited content under PRC information security laws and regulations should have been publicly disseminated through our website in the past. However, due to the significant amount of content published on our website by our users on a daily basis, if any prohibited content is publicly disseminated in the future and we become aware of it, we will report it to the relevant governmental authority. We believe these measures are generally in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations.

Regulations on Internet Privacy

In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. The PRC law does not prohibit ICP operators from collecting and analyzing personal information from their users. However, the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services prohibit an ICP operator from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing the lawful rights and interests of a third party. Pursuant to Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 2012, ICP operators that provide electronic messaging services must keep users’ personal information confidential and must not disclose such personal information to any third party without the users’ consent or unless required by law. The regulations further authorize the relevant telecommunications authorities to order ICP operators to rectify unauthorized disclosure. ICP operators are subject to legal liability if the unauthorized disclosure results in damages or losses to users. The PRC government, however, has the power and authority to order ICP operators to turn over personal information if an internet user posts any prohibited content or engages in illegal activities on the internet. In December 2011, the MIIT promulgated the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, which became effective in March 2012. Without obtaining the consent from the users, telecommunication business operators and ICP operators may not collect or use the users’ personal information. The personal information collected or used in the course of provision of services by the telecommunication business operators or ICP operators must be kept in strict confidence, and may not be divulged, tampered with or damaged, and may not be sold or illegally provided to others. The ICP operators are required to take certain measures to prevent any divulge, damage, tamper or loss of users’ personal information.

In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC issued the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information. Under this decision, ICP operators are required to take such technical and other measures necessary to safeguard information against inappropriate disclosure. To further implement this decision and relevant rules, MIIT issued the Regulation of Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Information in 2013.

In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law, which came into effect on June 1, 2017. The Cyber Security Law imposes certain data protection obligations on network operators, including that network operators may not disclose, tamper with, or damage users’ personal information that they have collected, and that they are obligated to delete unlawfully collected information and to amend incorrect information. Moreover, internet operators may not provide users’ personal information to others without consent. Exempted from these rules is information irreversibly processed to preclude identification of specific individuals. Also, the Cyber Security Law imposes breach notification requirements that will apply to breaches involving personal information.

Following the Cyber Security Law, the State Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine (now incorporated into the State Market Regulatory Administration) and the China National Standardization Management Committee issued the Personal Information Security Standards on December 29, 2017. These standards supplement and refine the Cyber Security Law in many respects while further subdividing personal information into general information and sensitive information. Sensitive information, including ID number, bank account, property information and transaction information, must be collected with explicit, specific, distinct and clear user consent on a fully informed basis.

On January 23, 2019, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Market Regulatory Administration jointly issued the Notice on Special Governance of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information via Apps, which restates the legal collection and use of personal information, encourages app operators to conduct security certifications and search engines and app stores to clearly mark and recommend certified apps.

On March 15, 2019, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission and the State Market Regulatory Administration jointly issued the Notice on App Security Certification and their implementation rules, according to which the state encourages app operators to voluntarily acquire app security certification, and encourages search engines and app stores to clearly identify and give priority to those that have acquired the security certification. The certification institution responsible for such app security certification is the China Cybersecurity Review Technology and Certification Center, also known as the ISCCC, and the testing institution will be determined by the ISCCC according to the certification business requirements and technical capabilities.

On August 22, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued the Regulation on Cyber Protection of Children’s Personal Information, effective on October 1, 2019. Network operators are required to establish special policies and user agreements to protect children’s personal information, and to appoint special personnel in charge of protecting children’s personal information. Network operators who collect, use, transfer or disclose personal information of children are required to, in a prominent and clear way, notify and obtain consent from children’s guardians.

On October 31, 2019, the MIIT issued the Notice to Rectify Mobile Apps’ Infringement on Users’ Interests, announcing that it will launch a rectification program on mobile App service providers and distribution service providers, including App stores, from November 6, 2019 to December 20, 2019. The inspection covers the illegal collection and usage of personal information, unreasonable request for user authorization, and obstacles for users to cancel their accounts. On December 19, 2019, the MIIT issued a list of mobile apps that failed to pass its inspection, and none of the mobile apps developed by our company was named.

On November 28, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China, MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued the Measures to Identify Illegal Collection and Usage of Personal Information by APPs, which list six types of illegal collection and usage of personal information, including “not publishing rules on the collection and usage of personal information” and “not providing privacy rules.”

To comply with these laws and regulations, we require our users to accept a user term whereby they agree to provide certain personal information to us, and have established information security systems to protect users’ privacy and have filed them with the MIIT or its local branch as required.

Regulations on Financing Leasing

In September 2013, the Ministry of Commerce issued the Administration Measures of Supervision on Financing Lease Enterprises, or the Leasing Measures, to regulate and administer the business operations of financing lease enterprises. According to the Leasing Measures, financing lease enterprises are allowed to carry out financing lease business in such forms as direct lease, sublease, sale-and-lease-back, leveraged lease, entrusted lease and joint lease in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws, regulations and rules. However, the Leasing Measures prohibit financing lease enterprises from engaging in a financial business such as accepting deposits, and providing loans or entrusted loans. Without the approval from relevant authorities, financing lease enterprises shall not engage in inter-bank borrowing and other businesses. In addition, financing lease enterprises are prohibited from carrying out illegal fund-raising activities in the name of financing lease. The Leasing Measures require financing lease enterprises to establish and improve their financing and internal risk control system, and a financing lease enterprise’s risk assets shall not exceed ten times of its total net assets. Risk assets generally refer to the adjusted total assets of a financing lease enterprise excluding cash, bank deposits, sovereign bonds and entrusted leasing assets.

Regulations on Vehicle Leasing Programs Operating on a Sale-and-Leaseback Basis

On July 11, 2013, the Ministry of Commerce published an Announcement on Strengthening and Improving the Approval and Administration of Foreign-Funded Finance Leasing Companies, which states that no foreign-funded finance leasing company shall engage in activities such as taking deposits, offering loans or being entrusted to grant loans. Further, without approval from relevant authorities, such an enterprise shall not conduct an interbank lending business or an equity investment business. On September 18, 2013, the Ministry of Commerce issued Administrative Measures for the Supervision of Financial Leasing Enterprises which require, in part, that financial leasing enterprises have assets and risk management abilities sufficient for their proposed business activities. These measures also require that foreign investors applying for the establishment of a financial leasing enterprise must comply with relevant provisions on foreign investment. The Guidance of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Financing Leasing Industry, issued by the General Office of the State Council in 2015, requires the establishment of a unified administrative and regulatory system for domestic as well as foreign investment in the leasing industry. According to this guidance, foreign investment in the leasing industry is entitled to enjoy the same treatment as domestic investment in terms of business scope, trading rules, regulatory indicators, information submission and inspection.

The Stipulation on Motor Vehicle Registration issued on May 27, 2008 and amended on September 12, 2012 by the Ministry of Public Security states that the new owner of a vehicle must submit an application for registration of transfer to the local vehicle administration office within 30 days after the delivery of the vehicle. Also, under the Property Law effective as of October 1, 2007, the transfer of movable property is effective upon delivery, but if the transfer of the property right of a vehicle has not been officially registered, it will not be valid against a good faith third-party transferee. In connection with this requirement, the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Cases of Finance Lease Contract Disputes came into force on March 1, 2014, providing guidelines on resolving finance lease contract disputes. This interpretation states that if a lessor authorizes a lessee to mortgage a leased item (a vehicle) to the lessor and to legally complete the mortgage registration with the registration authority, this arrangement could be valid as against a title claim made by a good faith third party, even if the transfer of the property right of the vehicle has not been officially registered.

Our loans to used automobile dealerships are structured on a sale-and-leaseback basis. However, we do not update the vehicle registrations to reflect our purchase of leased vehicles nor file mortgage registrations for the leased vehicles. Consequently, we lack unambiguous legal basis to prevent a good-faith third-party buyer from taking legal title to a vehicle if the lessor attempts to sell the vehicle without our knowledge. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We rely on contractual obligations rather than government filings to ensure our continued title to vehicles managed under our vehicle leasing program.”

Regulations on Used Automobile Trading

On August 29, 2005, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Public Security jointly promulgated the Measures for the Administration of the Trading of Used Automobiles, or the Used Automobile Trading Measures, which became effective on October 1, 2005 and was further revised on September 14, 2017. Pursuant to the Used Automobile Trading Measures, only an enterprise legal person duly registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its local branches may engage in used automobile trading, either as an operator of used automobiles markets, as a retailer, or as a brokerage entity.

Under the Used Automobile Trading Measures, a seller of used automobiles must verify certain background information regarding the automobiles for sale, including verification of the identity certificate of the previous owner, the number plate of the automobile, the motor vehicle registration certificate, driver’s license of the previous owner, proof that the automobile has passed the security technical examination, automobile insurance, and payment certificate of relevant taxes and fees. Used automobile retailers shall also provide quality guarantees as well as after-sale services, information about which shall be clearly indicated at its business location from 2018. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, used automobiles are prohibited from being resold, including instances where an automobile has been discarded as unusable, been required to be discarded, or been obtained by illegal means, such as through theft, robbery or fraud.

On March 24, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the Specifications for Used Automobile Trade, which provided detailed requirements as to the responsibilities of used automobiles trading entity regarding the trading of used automobiles, including the confirmation of the identity of the seller and the legitimacy of the used automobiles, signing contract for used automobile trading, establishing transaction archives and keeping records for at least three years.

On January 28, 2019, the National Development and Reform Commission along with other nine departments jointly promulgated the Implementation Plan of Promoting Consumption and Forming Strong Domestic Market (2019), which encouraged overall cancellation of restrictions on the cross-region transfer of used automobiles and provided that the VAT for used automobile distribution enterprises should be deemed as the VAT for sales of used products at the rate of 2%.

Regulations on Automobile Sales

On April 5, 2017, the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the Measures on the Administrations of Sales of Automobile, or the Measures on Sales of Automobile, which came into effect on July 1, 2017 and the original Implementation Measures for the Administration of Sales of Branded Automobile, or the “Branded Automobile Sales Measures” will be abolished at the same time. According to the Measures on Sales of Automobile, the supplier and distributors of automobiles within the territory of the PRC shall build up an integrated system for automobile sales and after-sale services, guarantee supply of the related auto accessory, provide timely and effective after-sale services, and strictly follow the regulations concerning, among others, 3R (i.e. “replace, repair and refund”) and recall of household automobiles to guarantee consumers’ legitimate rights and interests. A dealer who sells an automobile without authorization from a supplier or an automobile which is not authorized to be sold by an automobile manufacturer outside the country shall provide a reminder and explanation to the consumer in writing and inform the consumer of the relevant responsibility in writing. When the dealer sells the car to the consumer, it shall verify the valid identity certificate of the registered consumer, sign the sales contract, and issue the sales invoice.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

China has adopted legislation governing intellectual property rights, including trademarks, patents and copyrights. China is a signatory to the major international conventions on intellectual property rights and became a member of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights upon its accession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001.

Patent. The Patent Law was originally adopted in 1984. To be patentable, invention or utility models must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. A patent is valid for a term of twenty years in the case of an invention and a term of ten years in the case of utility models and designs. A third-party user must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent. Otherwise, the use constitutes an infringement of patent rights. We have obtained 30 patents granted by the State Intellectual Property Office.

Copyright. The Copyright Law was originally adopted in 1990. The Copyright Law extends copyright protection to internet activities, products disseminated over the internet and software products. In addition, there is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center. The amended Copyright Law also requires registration of a copyright pledge.

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, rules and interpretations, ICP operators will be jointly liable with the infringer if they (i) participate in, assist in or abet infringing activities committed by any other person through the internet, (ii) are or should be aware of the infringing activities committed by their website users through the internet, or (iii) fail to remove infringing content or take other action to eliminate infringing consequences after receiving a warning with evidence of such infringing activities from the copyright holder. The court will determine whether an internet service provider should have known of their internet users’ infringing activities based on how obvious the infringing activities are by taking into consideration a number of factors, including (i) the information management capabilities that the provider should have based on the possibility that the services provided by it may trigger infringing acts, (ii) the degree of obviousness of the infringing content, (iii) whether it has taken the initiative to select, edit, modify or recommend the contents involved, (iv) whether it has taken positive and reasonable measures against infringing acts, and (v) whether it has set up convenient programs to receive notices of infringement and made timely and reasonable responses to the notices. Where an internet service provider has directly obtained economic benefits from any contents made available by an internet user, it shall have a higher duty of care with respect to the internet user’s act of infringement of others’ copyrights. Advertisements placed for or other benefits particularly connected with specific contents may be deemed as direct economic benefits from such contents, but general advertising fees or service fees charged by an internet service provider for its internet services will not be included. In addition, where an ICP operator is clearly aware of the infringement of certain content against another’s copyright through the internet, or fails to take measures to remove relevant contents upon receipt of the copyright holder’s notice, and as a result, it damages the public interest, the ICP operator could be ordered to stop the tortious act and be subject to other administrative penalties such as confiscation of illegal income and fines. An ICP operator is also required to retain all infringement notices for a minimum of six months and to record the content, display time and IP addresses or the domain names related to the infringement for a minimum of 60 days.

An internet service provider may be exempted from liabilities for providing links to infringing or illegal content or providing other internet services which are used by its users to infringe others’ copyright, if it does not know and does not have constructive knowledge that such content is infringing upon other parties’ rights or is illegal. However, if the legitimate owner of the content notifies the internet service provider and requests removal of the links to the infringing content, the internet service provider would be deemed to have constructive knowledge upon receipt of such notification, but would be exempted from liabilities if it removes or disconnects the links to the infringing content at the request of the legitimate owner. At the request of the alleged infringer, the internet service provider should immediately restore links to content previously disconnected upon receipt of initial non-infringing evidence.

We have adopted measures to mitigate copyright infringement risks. For example, our policy is to remove links to web pages if we know these web pages contain materials that infringe third-party rights or if we are notified by the legitimate copyright holder of the infringement with proper evidence.

Software products. In China, holders of computer software copyrights enjoy protections under the Copyright Law. Various regulations relating to the protection of software copyrights in China have promulgated, including the Copyright Law, which was originally promulgated in 1990, the Regulation for the Implementation of the Copyright Law, which originally came into effect in September 2002, and the Measures for the Registration of Computer Software Copyright, which were issued by the National Copyright Administration in 2002. Under these regulations, computer software that is independently developed and exists in a physical form is protected, and software copyright owners may license or transfer their software copyrights to others. Registration of software copyrights, exclusive licensing and transfer contracts with the Copyright Protection Center of China or its local branches is encouraged. Such registration is not mandatory under Chinese law, but can enhance the protections available to the registered copyrights holders. The Computer Software Copyright Registration Procedures, issued by the National Copyright Administration in 2002, apply to software copyright registration, license contract registration and transfer contract registration. We have registered 44 computer software copyrights in compliance with the above rules and to take advantage of the protections under them.

Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law was originally adopted in 1982. The Trademark Office under the State Administration for Industry and Commerce handles trademark registrations and grants a term of ten years for registered trademarks, plus another ten years if requested upon expiration of the first or any subsequent ten-year term. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record. 开心汽车 is a registered trademark in China. We have also applied with the Trademark Office to register additional trademarks and logos.

Domain Names. In 2002, the CNNIC issued the Implementing Rules for Domain Name Registration setting forth detailed rules for registration of domain names. On August 24, 2017, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures for Internet Domain Names. These measures regulate the registration of domain names, such as the first tier domain name “.cn.” In November 2014, the CNNIC issued the Rules of First-Tier Domain Dispute Resolution, pursuant to which the CNNIC can authorize a domain name dispute resolution institution to decide disputes. We have registered domain names including xiaonei.com, kaixin.com and chimeroi.com. In December 2013, we entered into a Registry Agreement with ICANN, which grants us the right to use the generic top level domain name ..ren.

Regulations on Anti-unfair Competition

Under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, effective in 1993 and most recently revised in 2019, a business operator is prohibited from carrying out acts intending to cause confusion, which would mislead others into thinking that its products belong to another party or that there is an association with another party, by:

using without permission, a mark that is identical with or similar to product names, packaging or decoration of others with a certain degree of influence;

using without permission, the name of an enterprise, a social organization or an individual with a certain degree of influence;

using without permission, the main element of a domain name, website name or webpage with a certain degree of influence;

carrying out confusing acts that are intended to mislead others into thinking that a product belongs to another party or there is an affiliation with another party.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange

Under the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, if documents certifying the purposes of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency are submitted to the relevant foreign exchange conversion bank, the Renminbi will be convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest and royalties payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of Renminbi for capital account items, such as direct investment, loans, securities investment and repatriation of investment, however, is subject to the approval of SAFE or its local counterpart.

Under the Administration Rules for the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange, which were promulgated in 1996, foreign-invested enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing valid commercial documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, obtaining approval from SAFE or its local counterpart. Capital investments by PRC entities outside of China, after obtaining the required approvals of the relevant approval authorities, such as the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission or their local counterparts, are also required to register with SAFE or its local counterpart.

In February 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Exchange Management Policies for Direct Investment, also known as SAFE Circular 13, which took effect on June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 13 delegates the power to enforce the foreign exchange registration in connection with inbound and outbound direct investments under SAFE rules from local branches of SAFE to banks, thereby further simplifying the foreign exchange registration procedures for inbound and outbound direct investments.

In March 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on Reform of the Administrative Rules of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or choose to follow the “conversion-at-will” system for foreign currency settlement. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will system for foreign currency settlement, it may convert part or all of the amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into Renminbi at any time. The converted Renminbi will be kept in a designated account labeled as settled but pending payment, and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make payment from such designated account, it still needs to go through the review process with its bank and provide necessary supporting documents. SAFE Circular 19, therefore, has substantially lifted the restrictions on the usage by a foreign-invested enterprise of its Renminbi registered capital converted from foreign currencies. According to SAFE Circular 19, such Renminbi capital may be used at the discretion of the foreign-invested enterprise and SAFE will eliminate the prior approval requirement and only examine the authenticity of the declared usage afterwards. Nevertheless, foreign-invested enterprises like our PRC subsidiaries are still not allowed to extend intercompany loans to our VIEs. In addition, as SAFE Circular 19 was promulgated recently, there remain substantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this circular by relevant authorities.

In utilizing funds that we hold offshore, as an offshore holding company with PRC subsidiaries, we may (i) make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, (ii) establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, (iii) make loans to our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated affiliated entities, or (iv) acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in offshore transactions. However, most of these uses are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example:

capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, whether existing or newly established ones, must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterparts;

loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries, each of which is a foreign-invested enterprise, to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with SAFE or its local branches; and

loans by us to our consolidated affiliated entities, which are domestic PRC entities, must be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission and must also be registered with SAFE or its local branches.

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

Wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, these wholly foreign-owned enterprises are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. At the discretion of these wholly foreign-owned enterprises, they may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

As of December 31, 2019, the registered capital of our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Group Co., Ltd., or Renren Automobile, was RMB50.0 million (US$7.2 million), which has not been paid in. Renren Automobile has not made any profits to date, and thus is not subject to the statutory reserve fund requirement. Renren Automobile has not and will not be able to pay dividends to our offshore entities until it generates accumulated profits and meets the requirements for statutory reserve funds. As of December 31, 2019, Renren Automobile had an accumulated deficit of approximately US$0.01 million in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations.

As of December 31, 2019, the registered capital of our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary Qianxiang Shiji was US$180.0 million, with paid-in capital of US$175.0 million. Qianxiang Shiji has not made any profits to date, and thus is not subject to the statutory reserve fund requirement. Qianxiang Shiji has not and will not be able to pay dividends to our offshore entities until it generates accumulated profits and meets the requirements for statutory reserve funds. As of December 31, 2019, our PRC subsidiary Qianxiang Shiji had an accumulated deficit of approximately US$46.5 million in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations.

Regulations on Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control of Domestic Residents’ Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaced the former Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Inbound Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, promulgated by SAFE in 2005.

SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, which is referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a PRC resident holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to complete the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

We have made due inquiries with the competent local branch of SAFE regarding the applicability of the above foreign exchange registration requirements to our founder and our PRC resident shareholders.

Regulations on Employee Stock Options Plans

In 2007, SAFE issued implementing rules for the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions, such as a PRC citizen’s participation in employee stock ownership plans or share option plans of an overseas publicly listed company and it was further amended on May 29, 2016. In 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Matters for Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Notice, which simplifies the requirements and procedures for the registration of stock incentive plan participants, especially in respect of the required application documents and the absence of strict requirements on offshore and onshore custodian banks.

Under these rules, for PRC resident individuals who participate in stock incentive plans of overseas publicly listed companies, which includes employee stock ownership plans, stock option plans and other incentive plans permitted by relevant laws and regulations, a PRC domestic qualified agent or the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company must, among other things, file on behalf of such resident an application with SAFE or its local counterpart to obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the stock holding or share option exercises, as PRC residents may not directly use oversea funds to purchase shares or exercise share options. In addition, within three months after any substantial changes to any such stock incentive plan, including any changes due to a merger or acquisition or changes to the domestic or overseas custodian agent, the domestic agent must update the registration with SAFE.

Under the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, as amended in 2008, the foreign exchange proceeds of domestic entities and individuals can be remitted into China or deposited abroad, subject to the terms and conditions to be issued by SAFE. However, the implementing rules in respect of depositing the foreign exchange proceeds abroad have not been issued by SAFE. The foreign exchange proceeds from the sales of shares can be converted into Renminbi or transferred to such individuals’ foreign exchange savings account after the proceeds have been remitted back to the special foreign exchange account opened at the PRC domestic bank. If share options are exercised in a cashless exercise, the PRC domestic individuals are required to remit the proceeds to special foreign exchange accounts.

In addition, the State Administration of Taxation has issued circulars concerning employee share options. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and withhold the individual income taxes of employees who exercise their share options.

Labor Laws and Social Insurance

Pursuant to the PRC Labor Law and the PRC Labor Contract Law, employers must execute written labor contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. All employers are required to establish a system for labor safety and sanitation, strictly abide by state rules and standards and provide employees with workplace safety training. In addition, employers in China are obliged to provide employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing funds. Violations of the PRC Labor Contract Law and the PRC Labor Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative liabilities. Criminal liability may arise for serious violations. To comply with these laws and regulations, we have caused all of our full-time employees to enter into labor contracts and provide our employees with the proper welfare and employment benefits.

Regulations on Concentration in Merger and Acquisition Transactions

In August 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which were amended in 2009. The M&A Rule established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. These rules require, among other things, that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor will take control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings issued by the State Council in 2008 are triggered.

C. Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates our principal subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities as of the date of this annual report:

(1)

Qianxiang Tiancheng is 99% owned by Ms. Jing Yang, who is the wife of Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and 1% owned by Mr. James Jian Liu, our director and chief operating officer. We effectively control Qianxiang Tiancheng as well as its subsidiaries through contractual arrangements. See “Item 4.C Organizational Structure— Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities” for more information.

(2)

Shanghai Jieying is 99.83% owned by Mr. Thomas Jintao Ren, our former chief finance officer, and 0.17% owned by Ms. Rita Rui Yi, our Senior Vice President. We effectively control Shanghai Jieying as well as its subsidiaries through contractual arrangements. See “Item 4.C Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities” for more information.

(3)

Qianxiang Changda is also 99% owned by Ms. Jing Yang and 1% owned by Mr. James Jian Liu. We effectively control Qianxiang Changda as well as its subsidiaries through contractual arrangements. See “Item 4.C Organizational Structure— Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities” for more information.

Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities

Applicable PRC laws and regulations currently restrict foreign ownership of companies that provide value-added telecommunications services in China. In addition to this restriction, there currently exist other regulatory restrictions on foreign investments into a variety of industries in China into which we had invested through the holding of minority ownership of certain domestic companies.

To comply with these foreign ownership restrictions, our wholly owned subsidiary Qianxiang Shiji Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd, or Qianxiang Shiji, has entered into series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Tiancheng, and its shareholders; our wholly owned subsidiary Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Group Co., Ltd., or Renren Automobile, has entered into series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Changda, as well as with Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd, or Shanghai Jieying, and their respective shareholders. These agreements enable us to:

	·	exercise effective control over Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Changda, Shanghai Jieying and their respective subsidiaries through powers of attorney and business operations agreements;

	·	receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Changda, Shanghai Jieying and their respective subsidiaries in the form of service and license fees in consideration for the technical services provided, and the intellectual property rights licensed, by Qianxiang Shiji and Renren Automobile; and

have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Changda and Shanghai Jieying when and to the extent permitted under PRC laws, regulations and legal procedures.

We have been, and are expected to continue to be, dependent on our contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Changda, Shanghai Jieying and their respective shareholders to operate substantially all of our business in China as long as PRC law does not allow us to directly operate such business in China. We rely on our consolidated affiliated entities, namely Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Changda, Shanghai Jieying and their respective subsidiaries, to maintain or renew their respective qualifications, licenses or permits necessary for our business in China. We believe that under our contractual arrangements, we have substantial control over our consolidated affiliated entities and their respective shareholders to renew, revise or enter into new contractual arrangements prior to the expiration of the current arrangements on terms that would enable us to continue to operate our business in China after the expiration of the current arrangements, or pursuant to certain amendments and changes of the current applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules on terms that would enable us to continue to operate our business in China legally. For a detailed description of the regulatory environment that necessitates the adoption of our corporate structure, see “Item 4.B—Business Overview—Regulation.” For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements that support our corporate structure, see “Item 3.D—Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and the Regulation of our Business.”

The business operation of Qianxiang Shiji is within the approved business scope as set forth in its business license, which includes research and development of computer software, communication software and system integration; sale of self-produced products; and provision of after-sale technical consulting and services.

Qianxiang Tiancheng is a limited liability companies established in China. Its approved business scope includes the provision of internet information, internet advertising and advertising agency services, and it holds an internet content provision license, or ICP license. Qianxiang Tiancheng is 99% owned by Ms. Jing Yang, who is the wife of Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and 1% owned by Mr. James Jian Liu, our executive director and chief operating officer. Both Ms. Yang and Mr. Liu are PRC citizens.

The business operation of Renren Automobile is within the approved business scope as set forth in its business license, which includes development of automobile technology, computer software, internet communication technology. Qianxiang Changda is a limited liability company and the operator and holding entity for our financing businesses. Shanghai Jieying is a limited liability company and the operator and holding entity for our used automobile dealership businesses.

The following is a summary of the currently effective contracts between our subsidiary Qianxiang Shiji, our consolidated affiliated entity Qianxiang Tiancheng, and the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng. All the contracts in the other contractual arrangements described above are in their contents substantially the same as those contracts described below. These contracts provide us with the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of our consolidated affiliated entities and enable us to receive substantially all the economic benefits from them.

Business Operations Agreements. Pursuant to a business operations agreement between Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders, Qianxiang Tiancheng shall appoint the candidates designated by Qianxiang Shiji as the executive director or directors, general manager, chief financial officer and any other senior officers of Qianxiang Tiancheng. Qianxiang Tiancheng agrees to follow the proposal provided by Qianxiang Shiji from time to time relating to employment, daily operation and financial management. Without Qianxiang Shiji’s prior written consent, Qianxiang Tiancheng shall not conduct any transaction that may materially affect its assets, obligations, rights or operations, including but not limited to, (i) incurrence or assumption of any indebtedness, (ii) sale or purchase of any assets or rights, (iii) incurrence of any encumbrance on any of its assets or intellectual property rights in favor of a third party, or (iv) transfer of any rights or obligations under this agreements to a third party. The term of this agreement is ten years and will be extended automatically for another ten years unless Qianxiang Shiji provides a written notice requesting not to extend the term three months prior to the expiration date, which is December 22, 2020. Qianxiang Shiji may terminate the agreement at any time by providing a 30-day advance written notice to Qianxiang Tiancheng and to each of its shareholders. Neither Qianxiang Tiancheng nor any of its shareholders may terminate this agreement during the term or the extension of the term, if applicable.

Powers of Attorney. Pursuant to powers of attorney, the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng each irrevocably appointed our executive director and chief operating officer, Mr. James Jian Liu (the person designated by Qianxiang Shiji) as their attorney-in-fact to vote on their behalf on all matters of Qianxiang Tiancheng that requires shareholder approval under PRC laws and regulations as well as Qianxiang Tiancheng’s articles of association. The appointment of Mr. Liu is conditional upon his being the employee and the designated person of Qianxiang Shiji. Each power of attorney will remain in effect from December 23, 2010 to December 22, 2020, unless and until the earlier of the following events: (i) Mr. Liu loses his position in Qianxiang Shiji or Qianxiang Shiji issues a written notice to dismiss or replace Mr. Liu; and (ii) the business operations agreement between Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders terminates or expires.

Spousal Consent Letters. Pursuant to spousal consent letters, the spouse of each of the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng acknowledged that certain equity interests of Qianxiang Tiancheng held by and registered in the name of his/her spouse will be disposed of pursuant to the equity option agreements. These spouses understand that such equity interests are held by their respective spouse on behalf of Qianxiang Shiji, and they will not take any action to interfere with the disposition of such equity interests, including, without limitation, claiming that such equity interests constitute communal property of marriage.

Equity Option Agreements. Pursuant to equity option agreements between Qianxiang Shiji and each of the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Tiancheng’s shareholders granted Qianxiang Shiji or its designated representative(s) an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of their equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng in consideration of the loans extended to Qianxiang Tiancheng’s shareholders under the loan agreements mentioned below. In addition, Qianxiang Shiji has the option to acquire the equity interests of Qianxiang Tiancheng at the lowest price then permitted by PRC law in consideration of the cancellation of all or part of the loans extended to the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng under the loan agreements. Qianxiang Shiji or its designated representative(s) have sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. Qianxiang Shiji or its designated representative(s) is entitled to exercise the options for unlimited times until all of the equity interests of Qianxiang Tiancheng have been acquired, and can be freely transferred, in whole or in part, to any third party. Without Qianxiang Shiji’s consent, Qianxiang Tiancheng’s shareholders shall not transfer, donate, pledge, or otherwise dispose their equity shareholdings in Qianxiang Tiancheng in any way. The equity option agreement will remain in full force and effect until the earlier of: (i) the date on which all of the equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng have been acquired by Qianxiang Shiji or its designated representative(s); or (ii) the receipt of the 30-day advance written termination notice issued by Qianxiang Shiji to the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng. The key factors for our decision to exercise the option are whether the current regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the internet business and advertising business will be relaxed in the future, which is rather unpredictable at the moment.

If such restrictions are relaxed, we will, through Qianxiang Shiji, exercise the option and purchase all or part of the equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng.

Exclusive Technical Service Agreements. Pursuant to an exclusive technical service agreement between Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Shiji has the exclusive right to provide certain technical services, including maintenance of servers, development, updating and upgrading of web user application software, e-commerce technical services, to Qianxiang Tiancheng. Without Qianxiang Shiji’s prior written consent, Qianxiang Tiancheng shall not engage any third party to provide any of the technical services under this agreement. In addition, Qianxiang Shiji exclusively owns all intellectual property rights resulting from the performance of this agreement. Qianxiang Tiancheng agrees to pay a service fee to Qianxiang Shiji at a specific fee rate proposed by Qianxiang Shiji. Qianxiang Shiji shall have the right to adjust at any time the fee rate based on the quantity, difficulty and urgency of the services it provides to Qianxiang Tiancheng and other factors. The term of this agreement is ten years and will be extended automatically for another ten years unless terminated by Qianxiang Shiji’s written notice three months prior to the expiration of the term, which is December 22, 2020. Qianxiang Shiji can terminate the agreement at any time by providing a 30-day prior written notice. Qianxiang Tiancheng is not permitted to terminate this agreement prior to the expiration of the term, unless Qianxiang Shiji fails to comply with any of its obligations under this agreement and such breach makes Qianxiang Shiji unable to continue to perform this agreement.

Intellectual Property Right License Agreements. Pursuant to an intellectual property right license agreement between Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Shiji grants a non-exclusive and non-transferable license, without sublicense rights, to Qianxiang Tiancheng to use certain of the domain names, registered trademarks and non-patent technology (software) owned by Qianxiang Shiji. Qianxiang Tiancheng may only use the intellectual property rights in its own business operations. The amount, payment method and classification of the license fees under this agreement shall be determined based on the precondition that they facilitate Qianxiang Shiji’s securing of all preferential treatments under the PRC tax policies and shall be agreed by both Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng considering, among other things, the following factors: (i) the number of users purchasing Qianxiang Tiancheng’s products or receiving Qianxiang Tiancheng’s services; and (ii) the types and quantity of the intellectual property rights, which are specified under this agreement, actually used by Qianxiang Tiancheng for selling products or providing services to its users. On December 1, 2015, Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng entered into a supplementary agreement to extend the terms of this agreement for ten years, pursuant to which the current term expires on December 1, 2025. Qianxiang Shiji may terminate this agreement at any time by providing a 30-day prior written notice. Any party may terminate this agreement immediately with written notice to the other party if the other party materially breaches the relevant agreement and fails to cure its breach within 30 days from the date it receives the written notice specifying its breach from the non-breaching party. The parties will review this agreement every three months and determine if any amendment is needed.

Equity Interest Pledge Agreements. Pursuant to equity interest pledge agreements between Qianxiang Shiji and each of the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng, the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng pledge all of their equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng to Qianxiang Shiji, to guarantee Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders’ performance of their obligations under, where applicable, (i) the loan agreements, (ii) the exclusive technical service agreement, (iii) the intellectual property right license agreement and (iv) the equity option agreements. If Qianxiang Tiancheng and/or any of its shareholders breach their contractual obligations under the aforesaid agreements, Qianxiang Shiji, as the pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights and entitlements, including the priority in receiving payments by the evaluation or proceeds from the auction or sale of whole or part of the pledged equity interests of Qianxiang Tiancheng in accordance with legal procedures. Without Qianxiang Shiji’s prior written consent, shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng shall not transfer or assign the pledged equity interests, or incur or allow any encumbrance that would jeopardize

Qianxiang Shiji’s interests. During the term of this agreement, Qianxiang Shiji is entitled to collect all of the dividends or other distributions, if any, derived from the pledged equity interests. The equity interest pledge has become effective and will expire on the earlier of: (i) the date on which Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders have fully performed their obligations under the loan agreements, the exclusive technical service agreement, the intellectual property right license agreement and the equity option agreements; (ii) the enforcement of the pledge by Qianxiang Shiji pursuant to the terms and conditions under this agreement to fully satisfy its rights under such agreements; or (iii) the completion of the transfer of all equity interests of Qianxiang Tiancheng by the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng to another individual or legal entity designated by Qianxiang Shiji pursuant to the equity option agreement and no equity interest of Qianxiang Tiancheng is held by such shareholders. The equity interest pledge agreements have been registered with the relevant authorities.

Loan Agreements. Under loan agreements between Qianxiang Shiji and each of the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng, Qianxiang Shiji made interest-free loans in an aggregate amount of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) to the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng exclusively for the purpose of the initial capitalization and the subsequent financial needs of Qianxiang Tiancheng. The loans can only be repaid with the proceeds derived from the sale of all of the equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng to Qianxiang Shiji or its designated representatives pursuant to the equity option agreements. The term of the loans is ten years from the actual drawing down of such loans by the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng, and will be automatically extended for another ten years unless a written notice to the contrary is given by Qianxiang Shiji to the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng three months prior to the expiration of the loan agreements.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our principal executive offices are located at 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, People’s Republic of China, where we lease approximately 3,708 square meters of office space. We also lease approximately an additional 31,797 square meters of office space in 9 other cities across China, primarily for our sales and marketing team servicing our used automobile dealership customers but also including storefront space for used automotive sales, office space for the majority of our research and development team in Beijing and the majority of our credit control team in Shanghai. We lease our premises from unrelated third parties under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. Approximately a third of our leases outside of Beijing are due to expire during 2019, while the lease of our principal executive offices is due to expire in November 2020.

Some of the lessors of our leased premises in China do not have valid title to such premises or proper authorization from the title owner to sublease such premises. For further details, see “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry— The leasehold interests of some of our consolidated affiliated entities might not be fully protected by the terms of the relevant lease agreements due to defects in or the landlord’s failure to provide certain title documents with respect to some of our leased properties.”

We also lease 1,415 square meters of office space in the United States and approximately 2,645 square meters of office space in the Philippines for our SaaS business team.

Our servers are primarily hosted at internet data centers owned by major domestic internet data center providers. The hosting services agreements typically have terms of one year. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

A. Operating Results

Overview

Renren operates a used automobile business and several SaaS businesses. Currently, our primary services are:

	·	Used Automotive Sales, which includes the sales of used automobiles and related products and the provision of related services. Associated with the sales of used automobiles, we provide related services by arranging financing options for customers through our financial services partners;

	·	Financing, which includes used automobile financing, our business where we provide credit financing to used automobile dealers. We have ceased granting new loans for the used car financing since January 2018, but continue to service the outstanding loans until maturity; and

Software as a Solution (SAAS), which includes all-in-one real estate solution provider, Chime, and a 360° real estate marketing and media service provider, Geographic Farming.

The majority of our revenues are generated by our used automobile business, which includes both used automotive sales revenues and financing revenues. Because our SaaS businesses do not generate significant revenue yet, we include our SaaS revenues together with our other services revenues in our financial statements.

Our business model has been evolving continuously in response to changes in internet culture and competitive pressures in China. At the time of our initial public offering in May 2011, we were primarily a social networking service platform, and we had a number of ancillary businesses that were intended to monetize that platform. We gradually disposed of most of those ancillary businesses in the years that followed our initial public offering. We disposed of Nuomi, our group-buy e-commerce business, in two stages in October 2013 and February 2014. We disposed of 56.com, our on-line video business, in December 2014. We disposed of our online games business in March 2016. We eventually disposed of our social networking service platform entirely in December 2018. We disposed of Woxiu, live streaming business, in June 2019.

Our used automobile business and SaaS businesses are more recent in origin. Our used automobile business has two components which evolved separately: financing and used automotive sales. We launched our financing business in the fourth quarter of 2014 as an internet finance business offering installment purchase plans to college students, and it has since evolved into our current business of providing credit financing to used automobile dealers in China. We launched our used automotive sales business in June 2017, in part to take advantage of synergies with our rapidly growing financing business. Our SaaS businesses began with our launch of Chime in August 2016 and it was further expanded by our acquisition of Geographic Farming, LLC, in August 2017. Unlike our other businesses, our SaaS businesses are currently focused on the U.S. market rather than the China market.

As our business model was transitioning, we made a series of long-term investments in privately held companies that we believed would offer us synergies or access to resources and know-how. The majority of these investments by value was concentrated in the fields of internet finance, social finance, and real estate investment and management, and the number and aggregate size of these investments was significant. As of December 31, 2017, we had US$565.4 million of long-term investments, including US$318.8 million in equity method investments, US$144.8 million in cost method investments, and US$101.8 million in available-for-sale investments. However, due to the risk of being deemed to be an investment company, we disposed of most of these investments together with our ZenZone advertising agency business in June 2018. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—The OPI Transaction.”

Our total revenues have fluctuated over the last three years, as our losses from continuing operations have fluctuated. Our total revenues increased from US$174.6 million in 2017 to US$498.2 million in 2018 and decreased to US$349.8 million in 2019, and income from continuing operations fluctuated from continuing operation of US$8.7 million in 2017 to losses from continuing operation of US$158.8 million in 2018 and losses of US$107.5 million in 2019.

Impact of COVID-19 on Our Operations and Financial Performance

Although many of the restrictions on movement within China have been relaxed as of the date of this annual report, there is great uncertainty as to the future progress of the disease. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific anti-viral treatment for COVID-19. Relaxation of restrictions on economic and social life may lead to new cases which may lead to the re-imposition of restrictions. Our business and financial performance have been materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China since the beginning of 2020, and this is likely to continue throughout the current year, if not longer.

See also “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry— Our business has been and is likely to continue to be materially adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China.”

The major factors affecting our results of operations and financial condition are discussed below.

Revenues

We derive all of our revenues from automobile sales, financing income, and other services. We recognize our revenues net of business taxes or value added tax, as applicable.

The following table sets forth the principal components of our revenues, both as absolute amounts and as percentages of our total revenues from our continuing operations, for the periods presented.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017					2018					2019
	(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
	US$		%			US$		%			US$		%
Revenues:
Automobile sales	$	121,084		69.3	%	$	467,232		93.8	%	$	332,634		95.1	%
Other services		24,271		13.9	%		28,510		5.7	%		17,117		4.9	%
Financing income		29,269		16.8	%		2,456		0.5	%		32		0.0	%
Total revenues	$	174,624		100.0	%	$	498,198		100.0	%	$	349,783		100.0	%

Automobile sales

Our revenues from automobile sales consist primarily of revenues generated from the sale of used automobiles to customers made through our dealerships, as well as revenues from arranging financing options for customers through our financial services partners and to a much lesser extent fees we collect for referrals for insurance products.

The most significant factors that directly or indirectly affect our revenues from automobile sales include:

	·	Demand for premium passenger vehicles in China. Demand for premium passenger vehicles is affected by a variety of factors, including: macro-economic conditions in China, level of urbanization and household income; continued increase in the number of affluent individuals and consumer sentiment toward premium automobiles; continued improvement of road networks and infrastructure; and PRC laws and regulations with regard to passenger vehicles.

	·	Integration of dealerships. We rely on our dealerships to conduct significant aspects of our used car sales business. As of December 31, 2019, we had 14 Dealerships across China, all of which are operated by Kaixin. Our dealerships and their employees directly interact with consumers, other dealerships and other platform participants, and their performance directly impacts our results of operations and financial condition.

	·	Customer engagement and branding. We engage car buyers primarily through our network of dealerships, our websites and mobile apps, and advertising on third-party platforms. Our ability to expand the customer base for our used automobile sales business depends on the number and performance of our dealerships as well as our ability to strengthen our Kaixin brand through word of mouth and advertising.

	·	Competitive landscape. Our ability to strengthen our market position as a leading premium used auto dealership group and continue to meet the needs of our customers will continue to affect our results of operations.

	·	Service offerings and pricing. We provide a variety of services to meet the needs of our customers. Each of our service offerings may have a different source of revenues, cost structures and customer bases and may face different market conditions and pricing pressures. Therefore, the ability to adjust our service offerings and pricing to adapt to changing market conditions may impact our results of operations.

	·	Technology. The continued enhancement of our technology platforms and integration of technology into our used automobile sales business is important to our future success.

	·	Strategic expansion and acquisitions. We intend to continue to expand our network of dealerships to cover substantially all of China. We may also selectively pursue acquisitions, investments, joint ventures and partnerships that we believe are strategic and complementary to our used automobile sales business.

Financing and access to capital. Kaixin has historically funded its operations and expansion with support from Renren, the issuance of ABSs and term loans, and Kaixin believes that the future growth and expansion of its business will involve additional debt and/or equity financing. The availability of financing, and the terms on which it is available, are expected to affect its future results of operations.

Other Services

Our revenues from other services consist primarily of live streaming revenue from Woxiu, which was disposed of in June 2019. We did not record this disposition as a discontinued business because Woxiu’s assets and revenues were not material and we do not consider this disposition as a strategy shift. Others include revenues from our SaaS businesses and service revenue from Kaixin, including agency fees in connection with arrangements with third party dealers whereby we facilitate sales of their cars and commissions we receive from insurance companies and banks for the facilitation services we provide to help our customers obtain insurance and financing for their automobile purchases. Online advertising was important to our company historically but generated an insignificant amount of revenue in 2017, 2018 and 2019, and we have no expectation that it will constitute a significant part of our business for the foreseeable future.

Financing income

We generate financing income revenues primarily from credit we extend to our affiliated network dealerships. Credit that we extend to our own dealerships is treated as intracompany loans and the payments from the borrowers are consolidated in our financial statements. We extended credit in an aggregate of RMB4,390.0 million and RMB2.6 million to used automobile dealers (outside of our own dealership network) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The rate at which we charge upfront fees and interest to used automobile dealerships ranges from about 10.1% to about 18.0%. We did not extend credit to used automobile dealers (outside of our own dealership network) in 2019.

We previously made loans through Renren Fenqi, an online platform which provided credit financing to college students in China on an installment payment basis for the purchase of consumer goods. In the second quarter of 2016, we stopped making loans through this platform, and we collected the last of the remaining installment payments in the second quarter of 2018.

The most significant factor that affects our financing income revenues is the extent to which we choose to extend credit to our own dealerships rather than to affiliated network dealerships. Otherwise, since our used automobile financing business accounts for the majority of our financing income, the most significant factors that directly or indirectly affect our financing income revenues are similar to those that affect our revenues from automobile sales.

Cost of Revenues

The following table sets forth the principal components of our cost of revenues, both as absolute amounts and as percentages of our total revenues from our continuing operations, for the periods presented.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017					2018					2019
	(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
	US$		%			US$		%			US$		%
Cost of revenues:
Automobile sales	$	116,385		66.6	%	$	449,805		90.3	%	$	338,016		96.6	%
Other services		17,954		10.3	%		12,642		2.5	%		6,860		2.0	%
Financing income		28,975		16.6	%		14,021		2.8	%		2,017		0.6	%
Total cost of revenues	$	163,314		93.5	%	$	476,468		95.6	%	$	346,893		99.2	%

Automobile sales

For automobile sales, our cost of revenues consists primarily of the costs directly related to automobile sales, including inventory acquisition, inspection and reconditioning and write-down of inventories.

Other services

Cost of revenues for other services consists primarily of commissions that were paid to mobile live streaming performers and Woxiu performers. Such commissions were calculated as a percentage of the revenues we generate from the sales of virtual items that fans of the performers have purchased.

Other costs include salaries and benefits for employees whose services are directly related to the generation of revenues, fees we pay to telecommunications carriers and other service providers for telecommunications services and for hosting our servers at their internet data centers, depreciation expenses for the depreciation of servers and other equipment that are directly related to our business operations and technical support in our cost of revenues, and fees we pay to license content from copyright owners or content distributors.

Financing income

Cost of revenues for financing income consists primarily of financing costs and provision for financing receivable.

Financing costs. Financing costs primarily consist of interest expenses. Funds for our financing business were provided in the past by our issuance of asset-backed securities collateralized by that credit financing and by peer-to-peer platforms. Our cost of funding is related to prevailing interest rates in China and other factors that affect the availability of credit, though the relationship is indirect because we rely on unconventional sources of funding.

Provision for financing receivable. The provision for financing receivable is accrued when we believe that the future collection of principal is unlikely. We consider the credit worthiness of the customers, aging of the outstanding receivable and other specific circumstances related to the receivable when determining the allowance for receivable losses. In the aggregate, these costs are related to our ability to maintain and improve our credit risk control system. We are not a financial institution and we do not have a long history of designing and operating credit risk control systems. Provision for financing receivable accounted for a significant proportion of the cost of revenues of our financing business in 2018, comparable to our financing costs in 2017. Provision for financing receivable accounted for all the cost of revenues of our financing business in 2019.

Other costs. Other costs of our financing business include salaries and benefits for employees, bandwidth and co-location costs we pay to telecommunications carriers for hosting of servers, and rental expense and depreciation and amortization for servers and equipment, in each case as they are directly related to our financing business.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of selling and marketing expenses, research and development expenses, and general and administrative expenses. The following table sets forth our operating expenses for continuing operations, both as absolute amounts and as percentages of our total revenues, for the periods indicated.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017					2018						2019
	(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
	US$		%			US$			%			US$		%
Operating expenses(income):
Selling and marketing	$	20,070		11.5	%	$	34,562			6.9	%	$	25,142		7.2	%
Research and development		17,435		10.0	%		26,349			5.3	%		26,148		7.5	%
General and administrative		51,494		29.5	%		71,094			14.3	%		46,651		13.3	%
Provision of amount due from a related party		—		—			—			—			12,408		3.5	%
Impairment of goodwill		—		—			29,055			5.8	%		83,379		23.8	%
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		—		—			(25,928	)		5.2	%		—		—
Total operating expenses	$	88,999		51.0	%	$	135,132			27.1	%	$	193,728		55.3	%

Our selling and marketing expenses, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses include share-based compensation charges.

Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and commissions for our sales and marketing personnel and advertising and promotion expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses may increase in the near term if we increase our promotion expenses for our Renren brand and Kaixin brand, our SaaS business and our used automobile business.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for research and development personnel. Our research and development expenses may increase in the near term on an absolute basis as we intend to hire additional research and development personnel to develop new features for our various services and further improve our technology infrastructure.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for our general and administrative personnel, write-offs of advances to third parties, and fees and expenses for third-party professional services. Our general and administrative expenses may increase in the future on an absolute basis as our used automobile business grows.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

PRC

Prior to the adoption of the value-added tax, all entities and individuals that engage in the provision of services, the transfer of intangible assets or the sale of real properties within the PRC were required to pay PRC business tax. We were subject to a 5.6% to 8.6% business tax on gross revenue generated from IVAS, online advertising and social commerce services, plus related surcharges, up through April 2016. As of December 31, 2017, all of our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities in the PRC have been required by the local tax authorities to pay value-added tax at a rate of 2.18% to 18.7% on certain service revenues which were previously subject to business tax.

The Enterprise Income Tax Law applies a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% to all domestic enterprises and foreign invested enterprises and defines new tax incentives for qualifying entities. Dividends, interests, rent or royalties paid by a PRC entity to foreign non-resident enterprise investors, and proceeds from the disposition of assets by such foreign enterprise investors, will generally be subject to a 10% withholding tax.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with “de facto management bodies” located within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise and therefore will be subject to a 25% PRC enterprise income tax on its global income. The implementation rules define “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise.” In addition, SAT Circular 82 treats a Chinese-controlled enterprise established outside of China as a PRC resident enterprise with “de facto management bodies” located in the PRC for tax purposes where all of the following requirements are satisfied: (i) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily production or business operations are located in the PRC; (ii) its financial and human resource decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (iii) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (iv) more than half of the enterprise’s board members with voting rights or senior management habitually reside in the PRC. In addition, the State Administration of Taxation issued a bulletin effective September 1, 2011 to provide more guidance on the implementation of the above circular. The bulletin made clarification in the areas of resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying the Chinese-sourced dividends, interest, royalties, etc. to the Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise. Although both the circular and the bulletin only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises and not those by PRC individuals, the determination criteria set forth in the circular and administration clarification made in the bulletin may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax residency status of offshore enterprises and the administration measures should be implemented, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC individuals. Despite the uncertainties resulting from limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, we do not believe that our legal entities organized outside of the PRC constitute PRC resident enterprises under the Enterprise Income Tax Law. If we were considered a PRC resident enterprise for tax purposes, we would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income for the period after January 1, 2008. Given that Circular 82 was issued regarding overseas enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises (not those controlled by PRC individuals), it is not strictly applicable to us. As of December 31, 2019, we had not accrued reserves for PRC tax on such basis.

Discontinued Operations

In November 2015, our board of directors approved the disposition of our online games business as part of our change in strategic direction to focus more on our internet finance business. We disposed of our entire online games business in March 2016. As a result, our financial statements now reflect the deconsolidation of Nuomi’s, Guangzhou Qianjun Internet Technology Co., Ltd.’s and our online games business’s operating results. Retrospective adjustments to the historical statement of operations have also been made to provide a consistent basis of comparison for the financial results. Specifically, Nuomi’s, Guangzhou Qianjun Internet Technology Co., Ltd.’s and our online games business’s operational results have been excluded from our financial results from continuing operations and have been separately reclassified to discontinued operations.

In June 2018, we disposed of Oak Pacific Investment in the OPI Transaction. Oak Pacific Investment held one active business, our ZenZone advertising agency business, as well as shares in 44 portfolio companies and interests in 6 investment funds. These portfolio companies and investment funds had an aggregate book value of US$530.6 million as of December 31, 2017, and represented the overwhelming majority of our long-term investments in terms of both book value and fair market value. As a result, our financial statements now reflect the deconsolidation of Oak Pacific Investment. Retrospective adjustments to the historical statement of operations have also been made to provide a consistent basis of comparison for the financial results of the continuing operations. Specifically, US$110.8 million operational results have been excluded from our financial results from continuing operations and have been separately reclassified to discontinued operations.

In December 2018, we disposed of all tangible and intangible assets in our SNS platform and the related business, including Renren mobile live streaming. As a result, our financial statements now reflect the deconsolidation of our SNS business. Retrospective adjustments to the historical statement of operations have also been made to provide a consistent basis of comparison for the financial results. Specifically, US$8.4 million operational results have been excluded from our financial results from continuing operations and have been separately reclassified to discontinued operations.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of, among other things, assets and liabilities, contingent assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses. We regularly evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and other factors that we believe to be relevant under the circumstances. Since our financial reporting process inherently relies on the use of estimates and assumptions, our actual results could differ from what we expect. This is especially true with some accounting policies that require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our audited consolidated financial statements because they involve the greatest reliance on our management’s judgment.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when control of the good or service has been transferred to the customer, generally upon delivery to a customer. The contracts have a fixed contract price and revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. We collect value added tax and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues or cost of revenues. We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. These costs are recorded within selling expenses. We do not have any significant financing payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the point of sale.

We adopted the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. ASC 606 prescribes a five-step model that includes: (1) identify the contract; (2) identify the performance obligations; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied. Based on the manner in which we historically recognized revenue, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the amount or timing of its revenue recognition and we recorded no cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption. Additionally, we concluded that revenue generated from internet finance services is excluded from the scope of the new revenue standard as it represents revenue within the scope of ASC 310, Receivables, which is explicitly excluded from the scope of ASC 606.

Our revenues mainly comprise revenue from our automobile sales.

Automobile sales

We purchase automobiles from unrelated individuals, third party dealerships or manufacturers and suppliers and sell them directly to our customers through our local dealerships. The prices of used vehicles are set forth in the customer contracts which are agreed prior to delivery. We satisfy our performance obligation for used vehicle sales upon delivery whereby customers pick up the vehicles from the dealerships. We recognize revenue at the agreed upon purchase price stated in the contract. When cash is received from customers prior to delivery of the vehicle, we record such cash as advance from customers, which is included in accrued expense and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations.

Goodwill is not amortized, but tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if event and circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. We have an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. In the qualitative assessment, we consider primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. Based on the qualitative assessment, if it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is performed.

We have adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, for annual goodwill impairment tests from January 1, 2019. This guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required the estimation of an implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as the calculation of goodwill upon a business combination. Under the new amendments, our goodwill impairment review involves the following steps: 1) qualitative assessment – evaluate qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The factors we consider include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance or events-specific to that reporting unit. If or when we determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill, we would move to the quantitative method; 2) quantitative method –we performs the quantitative fair value test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach. This analysis requires significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, and assumptions that are consistent with the plans and estimates being used to manage our business, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment for the reporting unit.

We recorded goodwill impairment of nil, US$29.1 million and US$83.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, an impairment of goodwill of US$74.1 million related to the acquisitions of various used car dealerships and after-sales service centers in Auto Group segment was recorded primarily because of 1) suspension of certain used car dealerships due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders on operational matters 2) the performance outlook of active used car dealerships and after-sales service centers is worse than expected. Further, impairment of goodwill of US$1.5 million related to acquisition of Geographic Farming, LLC and impairment of goodwill of US$7.8 million related to acquisition of Trucker Path in Renren segment were recorded primarily due to the business suspension in Geographic Farming, LLC and worsening performance outlook in Trucker Path.

Contingent consideration

Where the consideration in an acquisition includes contingent consideration and the payment of which depends on the achievement of certain specified conditions post-acquisition, the contingent consideration is recognized and measured at its fair value at the acquisition date and if recorded as a liability, it is subsequently carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. If the classification of the contingent consideration changes as a result of events during the period, the contingent consideration is reclassified as of the date of the event that causes the reclassification. If the contingent consideration is reclassified from a liability to equity, gains or losses recorded to account for the arrangement at fair value during the period in which it was classified as a liability is not reversed. Fair value change losses of contingent consideration of US$2.6 million, US$29.6 million and fair value change gain of US$86.3 million was recorded in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

As of December 31, 2019, contingent consideration of US$1.0 million was related to certain consideration payment triggers, such as the performance of each dealer and after-sale service center operator for each of the five years’ following April 30, 2019, Kaixin’s performance in 2019 and 2020 and Kaixin’s share price from May 1, 2019 to October 31, 2021 (earnout shares and indemnification condition). The fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated with the following key assumptions 1) none of the dealer or after-sale service center operator will meet any performance condition for each of the five years’ following April 30, 2019, 2) Kaixin will not receive any earnout shares and 3) Kaixin will receive the indemnification shares.

Inventory

Inventory primarily consists of the purchased used and new automobiles. Inventory cost is determined by specific identification. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price less costs to complete, dispose and transport the vehicles. Selling prices are derived from historical data and trends, such as sales price and inventory turn times of similar vehicles, as well as independent, market resources. Each reporting period we recognize any necessary adjustments to reflect vehicle inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value through cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Inventory write-downs are established based on management’s review on a vehicle-by-vehicle basis for slow moving and obsolete items. On a quarterly basis, the management examines an inventory report. The vehicle is considered slow moving if it has not been sold within a 90 days period since procurement. In estimating the level of inventory write-downs for slow moving vehicles, we consider historical data and forecasted customer demand, such as sales price and inventory turn times of similar vehicles with similar mileage and condition, as well as independent, market information. This valuation process requires management to make judgements, based on currently available information, and assumptions about future demand and market conditions, which are inherently uncertain. To the extent that there are significant changes to estimated vehicle selling prices or decreases in demand for used vehicles, there could be significant adjustment to reflect inventory at net realizable value. In addition, we write down inventories to zero if they are lost or detained by non-controlling shareholders with disagreements.

In August 2018, Shandong Jieying Huaqi Auto Service Co. ("Ji’nan Dealership," a subsidiary of our VIE's) received a notice from the local police regarding an investigation of the dealership's premises. Certain assets of Ji’nan Dealership are not accessible pursuant to the investigation. In connection with these events, we determined that it is probable that it cannot enforce the realization of the inventory value at the Ji’nan Dealership. As a result, we wrote off all inventory which totaled US$5.7 million and recorded it in cost of revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018.

In 2019, due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders on operational matters, some non-controlling shareholders detained our inventories in the dealerships and significant uncertainty arises on the realizability of the inventories held by these non-controlling shareholders. We are in the process of negotiating with these noncontrolling shareholders and initiated legal proceedings where necessary. Considering the above facts and circumstances, we reassessed the realizability of our inventories and wrote down inventory of US$17.8 million, which was recoded in cost of revenues.

Accounting Pronouncements Newly Adopted

Newly adopted accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us are included in note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Not yet adopted accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us are included in note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years indicated. Our business has evolved rapidly in recent years. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations should not be relied upon as indicative of future performance.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	(in thousands of US$)
Revenues
Automobile sales		121,084			467,232			332,634
Financing income		29,269			2,456			32
Other services		24,271			28,420			17,117
Total revenues		174,624			498,198			349,783
Cost of revenues:
Automobile sales		(116,385	)		(449,805	)		(338,016	)
Financing income		(28,975	)		(14,021	)		(2,017	)
Other services		(17,954	)		(12,642	)		(6,860	)
Total cost of revenues		(163,314	)		(476,468	)		(346,893	)
Gross profit		11,310			21,730			2,890
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing		(20,070	)		(34,562	)		(25,142	)
Research and development		(17,435	)		(26,349	)		(26,148	)
General and administrative		(51,494	)		(71,094	)		(46,651	)
Provision of amount due from a related party		—			—			(12,408	)
Impairment of goodwill		—			(29,055	)		(83,379	)
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		—			25,928			—
Total operating expenses		(88,999	)		(135,132	)		(193,728	)

Loss from operations		(77,689	)		(113,402	)		(190,838	)
Other income (expenses)		2,656			(2,014	)		2,363
Fair value change (loss) gain of contingent consideration		(2,601	)		(29,604	)		86,256
Impairment of long-term investments		—			—			(2,000	)
Interest income		1,988			5,760			8,837
Interest expenses		(4,322	)		(5,103	)		(4,623	)
Realized (loss) gain on short-term investments		(100	)		—			9
Realized gain (loss) on disposal of long-term investments		37,311			(2,141	)		—
Total non-operating income (loss)		34,932			(33,102	)		90,842
Loss before provision of income tax and earnings (loss) in equity method in investments and noncontrolling interest, net of tax		(42,757	)		(146,504	)		(99,996	)
Income tax expenses		(4,479	)		(9,850	)		(24	)
Loss before earnings (loss) in equity method investments and noncontrolling interest, net of tax		(47,236	)		(156,354	)		(100,020	)
Earnings (loss) in equity method investments, net of tax		55,985			(2,463	)		(7,464	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		8,749			(158,817	)		(107,484	)

Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018

Revenues. Our revenues decreased by 29.8% from US$498.2 million in 2018 to US$349.8 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the decrease in revenue from used automobile sales.

Automobile sales. We commenced automobile sales in June 2017, and the scale of this business greatly increased in 2018. Automobile sales revenues decreased by 28.8% from US$467.2 million in 2018 to US$332.6 million in 2019. We sold a total of 7,438 automobiles in 2018 and 6,005 automobiles in 2019. The decrease was mainly due to the macroeconomic headwinds in China and a reduction in the overall inventory scales and the restructuring of our Dealerships that led to an interruption of business operations in some locations during 2019. The restructuring is part of our efforts to reduce the resources allocated to low-performing Dealerships and reallocating more resources to better performing Dealerships.

Other Services. Our other services revenues decreased by 40.0% from US$28.5 million in 2018 to US$17.1 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to the disposal of Woxiu business in June 2019.

Financing income. Our financing income revenues was US$32 thousand in 2019, because Kaixin ceased to extend new credit to third-party dealers in 2018 and focus on internal financing to its Dealerships only.

Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues decreased by 27.2% from US$476.5 million in 2018 to US$346.8 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the decrease in cost of automobile sales.

Automobile sales. Cost of automobile sales accounted for 92.3% of our total cost of revenues in 2019. The cost of revenue for automobile sales decreased by 24.9% from US$449.8 million in 2018 to US$338.0 million in 2019 was primarily due to the decrease in number of automobiles sold and inventory write-down of 17.8 million in 2019 due to the interruption of business operations in some locations.

Other services. Our cost of revenues for other services decreased by 45.7% from US$12.6 million in 2018 to US$6.9 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of commission cost we paid to our Woxiu performers.

Financing income. Our cost of revenues for financing income decreased by 85.6% from US$14.0 million in 2018 to US$2.0 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily because we made a strategic decision to extend credit to our own dealerships rather than affiliated network dealerships in 2018.

Operating expenses. Our operating expenses increased by 43.4% from US$135.1 million in 2018 to US$193.7 million in 2019, due in particular to the increase in impairment of goodwill.

Selling and marketing. Our selling and marketing expenses decreased by 27.3% from US$34.6 million in 2018 to US$25.1 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the effort to improve operation efficiency by cutting headcount and personnel-related expenses.

Research and development. Our research and development expenses decreased by 0.8% from US$26.3 million in 2018 to US$26.1 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the decrease in headcount and personnel-related expenses.

General and administrative. Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 34.4% from US$71.1 million in 2018 to US$46.7 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in share-based compensation expenses and a decrease in headcount and personnel-related expenses. Further, we wrote off prepayments and advance to suppliers of US$24.5 million in 2019 primarily due to the interruption of business operating in some locations.

Impairment of goodwill. Our impairment of goodwill increased by 187% from US$29.1 million in 2018 to US$83.4 million in 2019, primarily due to impairment losses on goodwill arising from our acquisition of Kaixin’s dealerships.

	·	Provision of amount due from a related party. We had bad debt provision of amount due from a related party of US$12.4 million in 2019 as the counter party failed to make payments under the agreed extended repayment plan. We did not record bad debt provision of amount due from a related party.

Gain on disposal of property and equipment. Our gain on disposal of property and equipment was US$25.9 million in 2018, resulted from that we sold a building located in Shanghai in 2018. The fluctuation was mainly due to the change in estimates of the expected shares to be delivered to settle the contingent consideration and change in Kaixin’s share price.

Other income (expenses). We had other income of US$2.4 million in 2019, as compared to other expenses of US$2.0 million in 2018.

Fair value change of contingent consideration. Our fair value change of contingent consideration was an income of US$86.3 million in 2019, as compared to a loss of US$29.6 million in 2018. The fluctuation was mainly due to the change in estimates of the expected shares to be delivered to settle the contingent consideration and change in Kaixin's share price.

Interest income. Our interest income was US$8.8 million in 2019, as compared to interest income of US$5.8 million in 2018. Our interest income was primarily interest from the note issued to us by Oak Pacific Investment in the OPI Transaction.

Interest expenses. Our interest expense was US$4.6 million in 2019, as compared to interest expense of US$5.1 million in 2018. The interest expense in 2019 was primarily due to interest on loans that we borrowed from commercial banks.

Realized loss on disposal of long-term investments. We did not make disposal of long-term investment in 2019. Our realized loss on disposal of long-term investments was US$2.1 million in 2018.

(Loss) earnings in equity method investments. Our loss in equity method investments was US$7.5 million in 2019 including an impairment loss of US$6.2 million for the equity method investments, compared to US$2.5 million in 2018.

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Revenues. Our revenues increased by 185% from US$174.6 million in 2017 to US$498.2 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to revenues from automobile sales, which was a business that we launched in June 2017, partially offset by the near absence of financing income revenues in 2018.

Automobile sales. We commenced automobile sales in June 2017, and the scale of this business greatly increased in 2018. Automobile sales revenues increased by 286% from US$121.1 million in 2017 to US$467.2 million in 2018. We sold a total of 2,225 automobiles in 2017 and 7,438 automobiles in 2018.

Other services. Our other services revenues increased by 17.5% from US$24.3 million in 2017 to US$28.5 million in 2018. The increase in our other services revenues was primarily due to the service revenue from the Kaixin used auto business.

Financing income. Our financing income revenues decreased by 91.6% from US$29.3 million in 2017 to US$2.5 million in 2018 as we made a strategic decision to extend credit to our own dealerships rather than affiliated network dealerships in 2018.

100

Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 192% from US$163.3 million in 2017 to US$476.5 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to the cost of automobile sales.

Automobile sales. Used automobile sales accounted for 94.4% of our total cost of revenues in 2018, in line with the percentage of total revenues which they accounted for. Cost of revenues for automobile sales is primarily the cost to acquire the vehicles.

Other services. Our cost of revenues for other services decreased by 29.6% from US$18.0 million in 2017 to US$12.6 million in 2018. The decrease in our cost of revenues for other services was primarily due to a decrease of commission cost we paid to our Woxiu performers.

Financing income. Our cost of revenues for financing income decreased by 51.6% from US$29.0 million in 2017 to US$14.0 million in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to we made a strategic decision to extend credit to our own dealerships rather than affiliated network dealerships in 2018.

Operating expenses. Our operating expenses increased by 51.8% from US$89.0 million in 2017 to US$135.1 million in 2018, due in particular to increases in sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and impairment of goodwill.

Selling and marketing expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses increased by 72.2% from US$20.1 million in 2017 to US$34.6 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to the increase in headcount and personnel-related expenses for the used auto sales business.

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses increased by 51.1% from US$17.4 million in 2017 to US$26.3 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to an increase in headcount and personnel-related expenses for the SaaS business.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 38.1% from US$51.5 million in 2017 to US$71.1 million in 2018. The increase was primarily due to professional fees for the OPI Transaction.

Impairment of goodwill. We had impairment of goodwill of US$29.1 million in 2018, primarily due to impairment losses on goodwill arising from our acquisition of the Ji’nan dealership. We had no impairment of goodwill in 2017.

Gain on disposal of property and equipment. We had gain on disposal of property and equipment of US$25.9 million due to selling a building located in Shanghai.

Other expense. We had other expense of US$2.0 million in 2018, as compared to an income of US$2.6 million in 2017.

Fair value change of contingent consideration. Our fair value change of contingent consideration was US$29.6 million in 2018, as compared to US$2.6 million in 2017.

Interest income. Our interest income was US$5.8 million in 2018, as compared to interest income of US$2.0 million in 2017. Our interest income was primarily interest from the note issued to us by Oak Pacific Investment in the OPI Transaction.

Interest expenses. Our interest expense was US$5.1 million in 2018, as compared to interest expense of US$4.3 million in 2017. The interest expense in 2018 was primarily due to interest on loans that we borrowed from commercial banks.

Realized loss on disposal of long-term investments. Our realized loss on disposal of long-term investments was US$2.1 million in 2018, compared to a realized gain on disposal of long-term investments of US$37.3 million in 2017.

(Loss) earnings in equity method investments. Our loss in equity method investments was US$2.5 million in 2018, compared to gain in equity method investments of US$56.0 million in 2017.

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Segment Operations

We had two reportable segments as of December 31, 2019, our Renren segment and our auto group segment. Before we disposed of our Renren SNS business in December 2018, our Renren segment offered social networking services and other internet value added services. Before we disposed of our Renren SNS business in December 2018, our Renren segment consisted of internet value added services and our SaaS businesses. Our auto group segment sells used automobiles and related products, arranges financing options for customers through our financial services partners and provides credit financing to used automobile dealerships.

The following table lists our revenues and operating costs and expenses by reportable segment for the periods indicated.

	Year ended December 31, 2017
	Renren			Auto			Total
Revenues	$	58,038		$	116,586		$	174,624
Cost of revenues		(50,256	)		(113,058	)		(163,314	)
Operating expenses		(59,348	)		(29,651	)		(88,999	)
Operating loss		(51,566	)		(26,123	)		(77,689	)
Net loss from continuing operations		39,289			(30,540	)		8,749
Net income from discontinued operations		(121,097	)		1,845			(119,252	)
Net loss		(81,808	)		(28,695	)		(110,503	)
		Year ended December 31, 2018
		Renren			Auto			Total
Revenues	$	19,122		$	479,076		$	498,198
Cost of revenues		(11,966	)		(464,502	)		(476,468	)
Operating expenses		(66,847	)		(68,285	)		(135,132	)
Operating loss		(59,691	)		(53,711	)		(113,402	)
Net loss from continuing operations		(69,285	)		(89,532	)		(158,817	)
Net income from discontinued operations		223,298			—			223,298
Net loss		154,013			(89,532	)		64,481
		Year ended December 31, 2019
		Renren			Auto			Total
Revenues	$	15,086		$	334,697		$	349,783
Cost of revenues		(6,719	)		(340,174	)		(346,893	)
Operating expenses		(65,771	)		(127,957	)		(193,728	)
Operating loss		(57,404	)		(133,434	)		(190,838	)
Net loss from continuing operations		(38,416	)		(69,068	)		(107,484	)
Net loss		(38,416	)		(69,068	)		(107,484	)

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows and Working Capital

Although we consolidate the results of Qianxiang Wangjing and Qianxiang Changda, our access to cash balances or future earnings of these entities is only through our contractual arrangements with these entities and their respective shareholders and subsidiaries. See “Item 4.C—Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities.” For restrictions and limitations on liquidity and capital resources as a result of our corporate structure, see “—Holding Company Structure.”

102

In 2019, due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders of Kaixin on operational matters, some non-controlling shareholders of Kaixin illegally detained Kaixin’s inventories in its Dealerships and significant uncertainty arises on the realizability and collectability of the prepayments to purchase used cars for these Dealerships and amounts due from these non-controlling shareholders. As a result, Kaixin wrote down $17.8 million inventory, and wrote off US$22.3 million prepayments for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	(in thousands of US$)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(114,964	)	$	(60,239	)	$	(34,203	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		263,285			170,844			17,592
Net cash used in financing activities		(67,113	)		(254,179	)		(23,446	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		81,208			(143,574	)		(40,057	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year		110,084			201,923			57,513
Effect of exchange rate changes		10,631			(836	)		466
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year		201,923			57,513			17,922

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities amounted to US$34.2 million in 2019, compared to net loss of US$107.5 million. The principal change in operating assets and liabilities accounting for the difference between our net loss and our net cash used in operating activities in 2019 was an increase in inventory of US$18.7 million, which was offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$9.8 million and a decrease in right of use assets of US$8.4 million. The principal adjustments to reconcile our net loss to our net cash used by operating expenses were impairment on goodwill of US$83.4 million, write-offs of prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$22.7 million, write down of inventory of US$17.8 million and share-based compensation expenses of US$12.3 million, partially offset by gain on fair value change of contingent consideration of US$86.3 million.

Net cash used in operating activities amounted to US$60.2 million in 2018, compared to net income of US$64.5 million. The principal change in operating assets and liabilities accounting for the difference between our net loss and our net cash used in operating activities in 2018 was an increase in amount due from related parties of US$65.3 million, which was offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$51.9 million and a decrease in inventory of US$28.9 million. The principal adjustments to reconcile our net income to our net cash used by operating expenses were a gain on deconsolidation of subsidiaries of US$242.1 million related to the disposition of our Renren SNS business and Oak Pacific Investment, and gain on disposal of property and equipment of US$25.9 million, partially offset by share-based compensation expenses of US$31.6 million, fair value change of contingent consideration of US$29.6 million, impairment on goodwill of US$29.1 million, and loss in equity method investments of US$12.1 million.

Net cash used in operating activities amounted to US$115.0 million in 2017, compared to a net loss of US$110.5 million. The principal change in operating assets and liabilities accounting for the difference between our net loss and our net cash used in operating activities in 2017 was an increase in inventory of US$76.6 million for the acquisition of used automobiles in connection with the new business we launched in June 2017. The principal adjustments to reconcile our net loss to our net cash used by operating expenses were impairment on long-term investments of US$113.1 million relating to assets which we have transferred to Oak Pacific Investment in connection with the transaction we announced on April 30, 2018, share-based compensation expenses of US$28.0 million and provision for financing receivable losses of US$12.7 million, partially offset by gain on disposal of equity method investment of US$59.7 million for Social Finance Inc. and Loadstar Capital K.K., and realized gain on disposal of long-term investments of US$37.3 million for Mapbar Technology Limited.

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Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities amounted to US$17.6 million in 2019, due mainly to proceeds from repayment of the note issued by OPI of US$9.6 million, proceeds from disposition of Renren SNS of US$6.1 million proceeds from repayment of third party loans of US$4.1 million, partially offset by payments to purchase of short-term investments of US$1.4 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities amounted to US$170.8 million in 2018, due mainly to proceeds from principal repayments of financing receivable of US$109.1 million and proceeds from disposal of equipment and property of US$60.4 million. Principal repayments of financing receivables are related to our business of providing credit financing to used automobile dealers in China. Because we concentrated on providing credit financing to our consolidated affiliates in 2018 rather than to unaffiliated dealerships, the figure for principal repayments of financing receivables was much lower than in 2017 and there was no offsetting amount for payments to provide financing receivables. The disposal of equipment and property was related to our disposal of building located in Shanghai to a third party in May 2018 for $60.4 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities amounted to US$263.3 million in 2017, due mainly to proceeds from principal repayments of financing receivable of US$926.0 million, proceeds from sale of equity method investment of US$94.6 million and proceeds from sale of cost method investment of US$32.7 million, partially offset by payments to provide financing receivable of US$748.7 million. The financing receivable is generated from loans to used automobile dealerships in our financing business.

Our principal purchases of long-term investments in 2017 included US$4.4 million for Shenzhen Xing Tu Zhi Kong Technology Co., Ltd., US$3.0 million for Shanghai SinceMe Networking & Technology Corp. Ltd. and US$2.0 million for Plum Inc. In addition, we made other purchases of long-term investments of US$4.2 million for equity interests in 2017.

Our principal disposition of long-term investments in 2017 included US$91.9 million from Social Finance Inc. and US$32.7 million from Mapbar Technology Limited.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was US$23.4 million in 2019, due mainly to US$82.2 million used to repay borrowings, partially offset by proceeds from short-term borrowings of US$28.7 million and proceeds from convertible loans issued by Kaixin of US$21.0 million and proceeds from issuance of units by KAH of US$7.5 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was US$254.2 million in 2018, due mainly to US$193.5 million of principal repayment to investors in our financing business, US$169.0 million of cash distribution to shareholders related to the extraordinary dividend we paid in June 2018 and US$119.0 million used to repay short-term and long-term loans, partially offset by proceeds from short-term and long-term debt borrowings of US$158.1 million and proceeds from investors in our financing business of US$57.8 million. Proceeds from investors and principal repayment to investors relate to our use of asset-backed securities and peer-to-peer platforms to fund the financing receivables that we generate in our financing business.

Net cash used in financing activities was US$67.1 million in 2017, due mainly to US$1,688.7 million of principal repayment to investors in our financing business and US$68.0 million used to repay short-term and long-term loans, partially offset by proceeds from investors in our financing business of US$1,580.5 million and proceeds from debt borrowings of US$92.5 million. Proceeds from investors and principal repayment to investors relate to our use of asset-backed securities and peer-to-peer platforms to fund the financing receivables that we generate in our financing business.

104

Holding Company Structure

Overview

We are a holding company with no material operations of our own. We conduct our operations in China principally through several sets of contractual arrangements between two of our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries, namely Qianxiang Shiji and Renren Automobile, and their respective consolidated affiliated entities, namely Qianxiang Tiancheng, Shanghai Changda and Shanghai Jieying, and their respective shareholders. See “Item 4.C—Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities” for a summary of these contractual arrangements. For each of the three years ended December 31, 2019, revenues from our consolidated affiliated entities constituted substantially all of our total consolidated revenues.

Conducting our operations through contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated entities in China entails a risk that we may lose effective control over our consolidated affiliated entities, which may result in our being unable to consolidate their financial results with our results and may impair our access to their cash flow from operations and thereby reduce our liquidity. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and the Regulation of our Business” for more information, including the risk factors titled “If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our services in China do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in internet businesses, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “We rely on contractual arrangements with consolidated affiliated entities for our China operations, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership. Any failure by our affiliated entities or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.”

Dividend Distributions

As a holding company, our ability to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders depends primarily upon dividends and other distributions paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries. The amount of dividends paid by each of our PRC subsidiaries to us depends solely on the service and license fees paid to each of our PRC subsidiaries by the consolidated affiliated entity with which it has contractual arrangements.

Under PRC law, all of our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of their respective registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation. Our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their respective retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations.

After Qianxiang Wangjing and Qianxiang Changda make appropriations for their respective statutory reserves and retain any profits, each of their remaining net profits are distributable to their sole shareholder, Qianxiang Tiancheng, in the form of a Renminbi dividend. Pursuant to the contractual arrangements between Qianxiang Tiancheng and Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng’s earnings and cash (including dividends received from its subsidiaries) are used to pay service and license fees in Renminbi to Qianxiang Shiji, in the manner and amount set forth in these agreements. After paying the withholding taxes applicable to Qianxiang Shiji’s revenues and earnings, making appropriations for its statutory reserve requirements and retaining any profits from accumulated profits, the remaining net profits of Qianxiang Shiji would be available for distribution to us through the respective offshore holding companies through which we own Qianxiang Shiji, although we have not, and do not have, any present plan to make such distributions. As of December 31, 2019, the net assets of Qianxiang Shiji and our consolidated affiliated entities which were restricted due to statutory reserve requirements and other applicable laws and regulations, and thus not available for distribution, was in aggregate US$352.3 million. We do not believe that these restrictions on the distribution of our net assets will have a significant impact on our ability to timely meet our financial obligations in the future. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and the Regulation of our Business—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” and “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our global income and the dividends that we may receive from our PRC subsidiary, dividends distributed to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders, and gain recognized by such shareholders or ADS holders, may be subject to PRC taxes under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations” for more information.

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Furthermore, cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to our subsidiaries outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Restrictions on the availability of foreign currency may affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated entities to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of US$0.5 million, US$0.9 million and US$0.5 million in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the past, our capital expenditures were primarily used to purchase servers and other equipment for our business, and purchase of real estate. In 2017, our capital expenditures included purchases of computer servers and equipment of US$0.1 million. In 2018, our capital expenditures included purchases of computer servers and equipment of US$0.9 million. In 2019, our capital expenditures included purchases of computer servers and equipment of US$0.5 million. We expect to incur capital expenditures of up to approximately US$0.1 million in 2020, which will be primarily used to additional servers and computers and expand our network infrastructure to support the growth of our business.

C. Research and Development, Patents, and Licenses, etc.

Research and Development

Our research and development efforts focus on developing and improving the scalability, features and functions of each of our websites, services and applications. We have a large team of 256 engineers and developers as of December 31, 2019, accounting for 31% of our employees as of that date. Most of our engineers and developers are based at our headquarters in Beijing.

Our research and development personnel support all areas of our business, mainly focusing on the improvement and enhancement of Kaixin’s website and mobile app and ensuring we are fully compatible with the latest mobile operating systems such as iOS, Android and Windows, but also working on our Chime initiative. We continue to develop new products and services to meet the needs of our user base and customers.

Our research and development expenses primarily include salaries and benefits for our research and development personnel and depreciation of related PC and servers. We incurred US$17.4 million, US$26.3 million and US$26.1 million of research and development expenses in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Intellectual Property

开心汽车 is a registered trademark in China. We have applied for patents relating to our technologies, among which we have been granted 29 patents. We have registered domain names including xiaonei.com, kaixin.com and chimeroi.com. In addition, we maintain 61 copyright registrations, of which 44 are computer software copyright registrations. Our employees sign confidentiality and non-compete agreements when hired.

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We have successfully obtained a trademark registration for 开心汽车, which translates to “Kaixin Auto”, in category 35, which covers areas we deem crucial to Kaixin’s business. We have also obtained trademark registrations in other important categories, including automobile maintenance. We believe that the Kaixin brand is vital to its competitiveness and its ability to attract new customers. Any failure to protect these rights could adversely affect our business and financial condition. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our own intellectual property rights may be infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2019 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations including interest payment, if applicable, as of December 31, 2019:

	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		4-5 years		More than 5 years
	(in thousands of US$)
Operating lease obligations⁽¹⁾		5,341		2,949		2,392		-		-
Loan obligations⁽²⁾		31,725		31,725		-		-		-
TOTAL		37,066		34,674		2,392		-		-

(1)

We lease facilities and offices under non-cancelable operating lease agreements.

(2)

In 2019, we entered into several short-term borrowing for a total of US$31.1 million. Balances include future principal and interest payments related to those agreements. Actual interest payments may differ.

In December 2016, we entered into a short-term loan agreement with East West Bank for US$30 million. In June 2017, we amended and extended the maturity date to April 2018. In October 2017, we repaid US$10 million of the loan balance. In January 2018, we further refinanced our short-term loan agreement with East West Bank and replaced it with a long-term debt repayable on April 3, 2020. Accordingly, we excluded US$20 million from the short-term debt and has reclassified it to long-term debt as of December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repaid US$12.0 million and borrowed an additional US$27.0 million from East West Bank. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we repaid $31,000 and additionally borrowed $7,000 from East West Bank. The remaining balance will mature on September 30, 2020.

G. Safe Harbor

See “Forward-Looking Statements” on page 1 of this annual report.

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Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. In January 2020, Mr. Thomas Jintao Ren tendered his resignation as chief financial officer of our company for personal reasons, effective January 17, 2020. We have appointed Yi Yang as our acting chief financial officer, effective June 16, 2020.

Directors and Executive Officers	Age	Position/Title
Joseph Chen	50	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Director
James Jian Liu	47	Director, Chief Operating Officer
Hui Huang	47	Independent Director
Chuanfu Wang	55	Independent Director
Tianruo Pu	51	Independent Director
Yi Yang	42	Acting Chief Financial Officer
Rita Rui Yi	51	Vice President for HR
He Li	36	Vice President for SaaS and Trucker Path
Chen Ji	40	Chief Executive Officer of Kaixin Auto
Jinfeng Xie	40	Chief Operating Officer of Kaixin Auto
Michael McGowan	44	Vice President of Sales, Chime Technologies

Joseph Chen is the founder of our company. Mr. Chen has served as the chairman of our board of directors and chief executive officer of our company since our inception. He is also serving as a director of Kaixin. Mr. Chen is a pioneer of China’s internet industry. Before founding our company, Mr. Chen was the co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of ChinaRen.com, a first-generation SNS in China and one of China’s most visited websites in 1999. He served as senior vice president for Sohu.com after ChinaRen.com was acquired by Sohu.com in 2000. Mr. Chen holds a bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of Delaware, a master’s degree in engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and an MBA degree from Stanford University.

James Jian Liu has served as our director since January 2008 and chief operating officer since February 2006. Mr. Liu is also acting as a director of Kaixin and our interim Vice President for Games. Before joining our company, he was the co-founder and chief executive officer of UUMe.com, one of the earliest social networking service websites in China. He served as product management director at Fortinet in its early years and held a senior product manager role at Siebel Systems. Mr. Liu started his career as a management consultant with the Boston Consulting Group in China. Mr. Liu holds a bachelor’s degree in computer science from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and an MBA degree from Stanford University, where he was an Arjay Miller Scholar.

Hui Huang has served as our director since January 2015. Ms. Huang served as the chief financial officer of our company from March 2010 to December 2014. From 2007 to February 2010, Ms. Huang was the chief financial officer and director of Cathay Industrial Biotech Ltd. From 2003 to 2007, she was an executive director and Shanghai chief representative of Johnson Electric Capital Limited. From 2000 to 2003, she was an associate of Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. in its principal investment area and executive office. From 1994 to 1998, she was an associate with the Boston Consulting Group. Ms. Huang received a bachelor’s degree in industrial foreign trade from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1994, and received an MBA degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 2000.

Chuanfu Wang has served as a director of our company since May 2012. Mr. Wang is the chairman of the board, an executive director and the president of BYD Company Limited (HKG:1211). He has been an executive director of BYD Company Limited since June 2002, in charge of its general operations and overall strategies. Mr. Wang is currently also a non-executive director and the chairman of BYD Electronic (International) Company Limited (HKG: 0285). Mr. Wang founded Shenzhen BYD Battery Company Limited, the predecessor to BYD Company Limited, in February 1995. Before that he served as the deputy director of the Beijing General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals from 1990 to 1995. Mr. Wang has received many awards, prizes and recognitions, such as Hong Kong’s Bauhinia Cup Outstanding Entrepreneur Award in 2000 and BusinessWeek’s “Stars of Asia” in 2003, among others. In addition, Mr. Wang was elected as a representative in the Shenzhen People’s Congress in March 2000, a member of the Fourth Shenzhen Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee in May 2005, and a member of the Fifth Shenzhen Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee in 2010. Mr. Wang graduated from the Central South University of Technology (now Central South University) in Changsha in 1987, majoring in physical chemistry of metallurgy. He received his master’s degree in physical chemistry of metallurgy at Beijing General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals in 1990.

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Tianruo Pu has served as a director of our company since December 2016. Mr. Pu currently serves as an independent director and the chairman of the audit committee in various listed companies, including Kaixin, Autohome (NYSE: ATHM), OneConnect Financial Technology Co., Ltd. (NYSE: OCFT) and 3SBio Inc. (HKEX:1530). Mr. Pu has more than twenty years of work experience in finance and accounting in both the United States and China. Mr. Pu previously served as the CFO of Zhaopin Limited from March 2016 to July 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Pu served as chief financial officer and director of UTStarcom Holdings Corp. from October 2012 to August 2014 and as chief financial officer of China Nuokang Bio-Pharmaceutical Inc. from September 2008 to June 2012. Mr. Pu received his MBA degree from Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management in 2000 and his Master of Science degree in accounting from the University of Illinois in 1996.

Yi Yang has served as acting chief financial officer of our company since June 2020. Ms. Yang joined Kaixin Auto Holdings (Nasdaq: KXIN) in August 2019 as chief financial officer. Prior to joining Kaixin, Ms. Yang served as strategic investment director for Jomoo, a leading manufacturer and supplier of home products, such as kitchen and bathroom units, in China. Prior to that, she was chief financial officer at Wellong Etown, an internet-based logistics company. Ms. Yang has also worked at the Bank of New York Mellon as vice president and controller, where she formulated strategic financial plans, participated in asset restructurings, and worked on numerous large domestic and cross-border M&A transactions. Ms. Yang received a master’s degree in Computer science from Saint Joseph’s University in the U.S. She is a certified public accountant, and a member of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).

Rita Rui Yi has served as vice president in charge of human resources of our company since October 2016. Prior to joining our company, Ms. Yi served as the human resource senior director of RealNetworks in charge of human resource business partner management work, covering both the greater China region and South Asia region. Prior to that, Ms. Yi also gained human resource management experience from ING Capital Life Insurance Company, General Electronic and Northern Telecom. Ms. Yi received a bachelor’s degree in tourism economy from Beijing International Studies University and received an MBA degree from McMaster University in Canada in 2001.

He Li has served as vice president of our company since 2014 and is now in charge of SaaS and Trucker Path. Mr. Li joined our company in 2011 and has since held various positions in research and development. Mr. Li received a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science and a master’s degree in Software Science Theory from Peking University.

Chen Ji has served as chief executive officer of Kaixin Auto since October 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Ji served as Kaixin Auto’s chief operating officer from September 2014 to September 2018. Before rejoining us, Mr. Ji was a senior director of operations of Baidu from August 2013 to September 2014. Mr. Ji served as a director of operations, purchasing and payment at Renren between May 2009 and August 2013. Prior to that, Mr. Ji worked as a purchasing manager of LG Corporation for six years. Mr. Ji received a bachelor’s degree from Beijing Institute of Architectural Engineering in road bridges and intelligent transportation and a master’s degree in E-commerce from University of Essex.

Jinfeng Xie has served as Kaixin Auto’s chief operating officer since December 2018. Previously, Mr. Xie had served as vice president of sales for Kaixin Auto since October 2014. Mr. Xie joined Renren in 2010 and has since held various positions in sales. Prior to joining Renren, Mr. Xie worked as regional manager of Dianping between 2008 and 2010. Prior to that, Mr. Xie worked at Alibaba for two years. Mr. Xie received a bachelor’s degree in transportation from Shijiazhuang Railway Institute.

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Michael McGowan has served as a vice president of sales for Chime Technologies, one of our U.S.-based SaaS businesses, since March 2019. Prior to joining our company, Mr. McGowan served as vice president of sales for Commissions Inc., a real estate based SaaS company headquartered in Atlanta, from 2017 to 2019. Before that, Michael was a regional vice president in the financial services and financial technology industry with Transamerica from 2014 to 2017. Mr. McGowan served in the United States Marine Corps before entering the corporate world, from 1993 to 2002, completing several combat tours of duty. Mr. McGowan earned his bachelor’s of science from Saint Leo University in accounting and his master’s in business administration from Arizona State University.

B. Compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we paid an aggregate of approximately US$1.5 million in cash to our executive officers and non-executive directors. Our subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, unemployment and other statutory benefits. In 2019, we accrued in aggregate US$103 thousand worth of such benefits for our executive officers.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 we granted a total of 2,205,885 restricted Class A ordinary shares to our executive officers and non-executive directors, and we recorded US$0.01 million in share-based compensation expense for these grants. For more information, see “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—Equity Incentive Plans.”

Equity Incentive Plans

Since February 27, 2006, we have adopted six equity incentive plans for Renren Inc. to motivate, retain and attract the best personnel and promote the success of our business. The six plans adopted by Renren Inc. were the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2011 Share Incentive Plan (as amended), the 2016 Share Incentive Plan and the 2018 Share Incentive Plan. We refer to these collectively as the Plans. As of May 31, 2020, options to purchase 1,999,000 ordinary shares were outstanding under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, options to purchase 97,012,326 ordinary shares were outstanding under the 2011 Share Incentive Plan (as amended), 2,876,999 restricted share units and options to purchase 39,752,430 ordinary shares were outstanding under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, and 35,896,248 restricted share units were outstanding under the 2018 Share Incentive Plan.

On August 24, 2017, our compensation committee approved to reduce the exercise price for all outstanding options we had previously granted with an exercise price higher than US$0.478 per ordinary share to US$0.478 per share.

On June 29, 2018, our compensation committee approved a reduction in the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by our company with an exercise price higher than US$0.478 per ordinary share to US$0.0613 per share, representing the closing price of our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, on June 21, 2018. The market price of our ADSs had fallen as a result of the payment of the special dividend that we paid in connection with the series of transactions that we carried out at that time. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—The OPI Transaction” for more information on those transactions.

The following table summarizes the outstanding share options granted to certain of our directors, executive officers and other individuals under the Plans as of May 31, 2020.

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Name

Number of Ordinary Shares Underlying Outstanding Options ⁽¹⁾

Exercise Price (US$/Share)⁽¹⁾

Grant Date

Expiration Date

Joseph Chen

16,800,000

0.0113

April 5, 2012

April 4, 2022

3,150,000

0.0113

March 22, 2013

March 21, 2023

25,946,844

0.0113

May 19, 2014

May 18, 2024

25,946,847

0.0113

May 19, 2014

May 18, 2024

39,752,430

0.0113

January 15, 2016

January 14,2025

James Jian Liu

5,400,000

0.0113

April 5, 2012

April 4, 2022

1,050,000

0.0113

March 22, 2013

March 21, 2023

8,850,000

0.0113

May 19, 2014

May 18, 2024

8,850,000

0.0113

May 19, 2014

May 18, 2024

Hui Huang

0.0113

April 5, 2012

April 4, 2022

0.0113

March 22, 2013

March 21, 2023

Chuanfu Wang

0.0113

June 14, 2012

June 13, 2022

0.0113

March 22, 2013

March 21, 2023

He Li

0.0113

April 18, 2011

April 17, 2021

0.0113

December 28, 2011

December 27, 2021

0.0113

December 28, 2012

December 27, 2022

0.0113

May 17, 2013

May 16, 2023

0.0113

December 2, 2013

December 1, 2023

Other individuals as a group

1,392,635

(2)

(3)

The aggregate beneficial ownership of our company held by the named grantee is less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

(1)

The number of share options granted and exercise prices in this table, including footnote 2, gives effect to the ten-for-one share split that became effective on March 25, 2011.

On December 28, 2012, we modified the exercise price of the outstanding share options previously granted that had exercise prices of US$4.00 per ADS or higher, reducing them uniformly to US$3.30 per ADS (US$1.10 per ordinary share), which was the closing price of our ADS on the modification date. (These per ADS numbers have not been adjusted to give retroactive effect to the change in the number of ordinary shares represented by each ADS from 3 to 15 that became effective on February 6, 2017.) Options exercisable for a total of 27,480,309 ordinary shares were modified. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was US$4.3 million, of which US$0.9 million, US$1.1 million, US$1.1 million and US$0.9 million was recognized as share-based compensation expense in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively, and the remaining balance will be amortized over the expected requisite service period.

On December 29, 2014, we modified the exercise price of the outstanding share options previously granted that had exercise price higher than US$0.873 per ordinary share, reducing them uniformly to US$0.873 per share, which was the average closing price during the period from December 8, 2014 through December 19, 2014, when the repricing was being discussed. Options exercisable for a total of 107,197,908 ordinary shares were modified. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was US$6.4 million, of which US$5.2 million was recognized as share-based compensation expense in 2014 and 2015 and the remaining balance will be amortized over the expected requisite service period.

On December 23, 2015, we waived the award condition with respect to the options granted on May 19, 2014, Options exercisable for a total of 34,796,844 ordinary shares were modified. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was US$10.9 million, of which US$4.4 million was recognized as share-based compensation expense in 2015 and the remaining balance will be amortized over the expected requisite service period.

On August 24, 2017, we modified the exercise price of the outstanding share options previously granted that had exercise price higher than US$0.478 per ordinary share, reducing them uniformly to US$0.478 per share. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was US$10.4 million, of which US$7.4 million was recognized as share-based compensation expense in 2017 and the remaining will be amortized over the expected requisite service period.

On June 29, 2018, we modified the exercise price of the outstanding share options previously granted that had exercise prices higher than US$0.0613 per ordinary share, reducing them uniformly to US$0.0613 per share. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was US$10.8 million, of which US$9.3 million was recognized as share-based compensation expense in 2018 and the remainder will be amortized over the expected requisite service period.

On March 24, 2020, we modified the exercise price of the outstanding share options previously granted that had exercise prices higher than US$0.0113 per ordinary share, reducing them uniformly to US$0.0113 per share.

(2)

We granted share options to other individuals on the following dates and at the following exercise prices: (i) on March 2, 2006, 1,079,400 options with an exercise price of US$0.001 per share; (ii) on March 2, 2006, 10,204,000 options and on October 9, 2007, 800,000 options, each with an exercise price of US$0.08 per share; (iii) on March 2, 2006, 4,568,670 options and on October 21, 2010, 179,450 options, each with an exercise price of US$0.10 per share; (iv) on March 2, 2006, 18,046,960 options, on October 9, 2007,22,142,00 options, on January 31, 2008, 14,809,500 options, on October 15, 2009, 18,644,000 options, on March 10, 2010, 300,000 options, on June 1, 2010, 490,000 options and on October 21, 2010, 11,180 options, each with an exercise price of US$0.18 per share; (v) on March 2, 2006, 1,243,880 options with an exercise price of US$0.20 per share; (vi) on October 9, 2007, 100,000 options with an exercise price of US$0.26 per share; (vii) on October 9, 2007, 300,000 options with an exercise price of US$0.28 per share; (viii) on October 9, 2007, 100,000 options with an exercise price of US$0.30 per share; (ix) on October 9, 2007, 925,000 options with an exercise price of US$0.35 per share; (x) on October 9, 2007, 220,000 options with an exercise price of US$0.38 per share; (xi) on January 4, 2011, 12,068,500 options, on April 18, 2011, 3,296,500 options, on September 23, 2011, 519,000 options, on December 28, 2011, 1,621,107 options, on April 5, 2012, 1,881,500 options, on April 30, 2012, 300,000 options, on December 28, 2012, 3,167,400 options, on March 22, 2013,4,587,000 options, on May 17, 2013, 2,862,000 options, on August 30, 2013, 450,000 options, on December 2, 2013, 2,707,500 options, each with an exercise price of US$0.478 per share. As of May 31, 2020, 120,001,412 options had been forfeited, cancelled or exercised.

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(3)

Each option will expire after ten years from the grant date or such shorter period as the board of directors may determine at the time of its grant.

The following table summarizes the outstanding restricted share units granted to our executive officers and certain other individuals as of May 31, 2020 under the Plans adopted by Renren Inc.

Name	Number of Ordinary Shares Underlying Restricted Share Units Outstanding		Grant Date
Joseph Chen		9,029,637	January 15, 2016
James Jian Liu		3,588,517	July 31, 2018
Hui Huang		*	May 19, 2014
Hui Huang		*	January 1, 2015
Chuanfu Wang		*	May 19, 2014
Chuanfu Wang		*	April 15, 2015
Stephen Tappin⁽¹⁾		*	December 5, 2016
Tianruo Pu		*	December 5, 2016
Rita Yi		*	January 3, 2017
Rita Yi		*	July 31, 2018
He Li		*	May 19, 2014
He Li		*	October 17, 2014
He Li		*	April 15, 2015
He Li		*	February 1, 2016
He Li		12,975,825	July 31, 2018
Certain individuals as a group		6,345	June 15, 2016
Certain individuals as a group		31,785	March 22, 2017
Certain individuals as a group		88,490	September 1, 2017
Certain individuals as a group		6,480	January 16, 2018
Certain individuals as a group		19,025,756	July 31, 2018
Certain individuals as a group		661,350	October 11, 2018
Certain individuals as a group		1,177,830	February 19, 2019
Certain individuals as a group		219,270	March 18, 2019
Certain individuals as a group		152,475	July 19, 2019
Certain individuals as a group		350,340	November 4, 2019

The aggregate beneficial ownership of our company held by the named grantee is less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

(1)

Mr. Stephen Tappin has resigned from our Board of Directors, effective on June 16, 2020.

On January 31, 2018, we adopted a Kaixin Auto Group 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Kaixin Auto Group, whereby 40,000,000 ordinary shares of Kaixin Auto Group had been made available for granting or awarding to the employees and consultants of the company, either as incentive share options or as restricted shares. On April 30, 2019, all the options granted under the Kaixin Auto Group 2018 Plan were cancelled and replaced by the awards under Kaixin Auto Holdings 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2019, 4,596,703 restricted shares and options have been granted or awarded to any of our employees and consultants under this plan.

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Principal Terms of 2006, 2008 and 2009 Equity Incentive Plans adopted by Renren Inc.

The principal terms of the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan are substantially the same. The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of these three plans and, unless otherwise specified below, the following summary applies to each of these plans.

Types of Awards and Exercise Prices. Three types of awards may be granted under the plans.

Incentive share options. Incentive share options are share options which satisfy the requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The exercise price of an incentive share option must be at least equal to the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant. If an employee, officer or director owns or is deemed to own more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of shares and an incentive share option is granted to such person, the exercise price for such incentive share option shall be at least 110% of the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant.

	·	Nonqualified share options. Nonqualified share options are share options which do not satisfy the requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The exercise price of a nonqualified share option may be less than, equal to or greater than the fair market value of the shares on the date of grant.

	·	Restricted share options. Restricted share options are options to purchases ordinary shares which are subject to certain restrictions or limitations set forth in the plans or in the related award agreement, and may be subject to risk of forfeiture. Unless otherwise determined by our plan administrator, a restricted share is nontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchased by us during a restricted period. The exercise price of restricted share options may be determined by the plan administrator in the award agreement.

Plan Administration. The plan administrator is our board of directors or a committee of two or more members of our board. The plan administrator designates the eligible recipients and determines the award type, award period, grant date, performance requirements and such other provisions and terms not inconsistent with the plans in each award agreement.

Award Agreement. Incentive share options, nonqualified share options or restricted share options granted under the plans are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth the terms, provisions, limitations and performance requirements for each grant.

Eligibility. At the discretion of the board of directors, we may grant awards to employees, officers, directors, outside directors or consultants of our company.

Transfer Restriction. Subject to certain exceptions, awards for incentive share options, nonqualified share options and restricted share options may not be transferred, assigned, pledged, hypothecated or otherwise conveyed or encumbered by the award holders.

Term of Awards. Unless otherwise provided in the award agreement by the plan administrator, each option shall expire after ten years from the grant date. If an employee, officer or director owns or is deemed to own more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of shares and an incentive share option is granted to such person, such incentive share option shall expire after five years from the grant date.

Vesting Schedule. The plan administrator may determine the vesting schedule and may provide additional vesting conditions in the award agreement to each recipient.

Amendment and Termination. The 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan were terminated on September 15, 2013. The 2009 Equity Incentive Plan terminated on December 31, 2019. In each case, grants made before the termination date will continue to be effective in accordance with their terms and conditions. Our board of directors may at any time by resolutions amend the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, subject to certain exceptions.

Principal Terms of the 2011 and 2016 Share Incentive Plan adopted by Renren Inc.

The principal terms of the 2011 Share Incentive Plan (as amended) and the 2016 Share Incentive Plan are substantially the same. The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of these two plans and, unless otherwise specified below, the following summary applies to each of these plans.

Types of Awards and Exercise Prices. The plans permit the grant of options to purchase our Class A ordinary shares, restricted shares and restricted share units as deemed appropriate by the plan administrator.

Options. Options provide for the right to purchase a specified number of our Class A ordinary shares at a specified price and usually will become exercisable in the discretion of the plan administrator in one or more installments after the grant date. Options include incentive share options, which are share options which satisfy the requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and non-qualified share options, which do not satisfy these requirements. The exercise price of an option shall be determined by the plan administrator and set forth in the award agreement.

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	·	Restricted Shares. A restricted share award is the grant of our Class A ordinary shares which are subject to certain restrictions or limitations set forth in the plan or in the related award agreement. Unless otherwise determined by our plan administrator, a restricted share is nontransferable and may be forfeited or repurchased by us during a restricted period. The exercise price of restricted share options may be determined by the plan administrator in the award agreement.

Restricted Share Units. Restricted share units represent the right to receive our Class A ordinary shares at a specified date in the future. On the maturity date specified by the plan administrator, we will transfer to the participant one unrestricted, fully transferable share for each restricted share unit.

Plan Administration. The plans will be administered by the board of directors or the compensation committee of the board, or a committee of one or more directors to whom the board or the compensation committee shall delegate the authority to grant or amend awards to participants other than senior executives. As to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan (as amended), the plan administrator shall consist of at least two individuals, each of whom qualifies as an independent director. With respect to the awards granted to independent directors, the plan administrator shall be the board of directors. The plan administrator will determine the terms and conditions of each award grant.

Awards and Award Agreement. Awards granted under the plans are evidenced by award agreements that set forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of an award, the provisions applicable in the event the participant’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind an award.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants, as determined by our plan administrator.

Term of the Awards. The term of each award grant shall be determined by our plan administrator, provided that the term shall not exceed ten years from the date of the grant.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines, or the award agreement specifies, the vesting schedule.

Transfer Restrictions. Except as otherwise provided by our plan administrator, an award may not be transferred or otherwise disposed of by a participant other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Our plan administrator by express provision in the award or an amendment may permit an award (other than an incentive share option) to be transferred to or exercised by certain persons related to the participant.

Amendment and Termination of the Plan. With the approval of our board, our plan administrator may at any time amend, modify or terminate the plan, subject to certain exceptions. Unless earlier terminated by the board of directors, the 2011 Share Incentive Plan (as amended) will expired on April 14, 2021 and the 2016 Share Incentive Plan will expire on January 15, 2026.

C. Board Practices

Composition of Board of Directors

Our board of directors currently consists of six directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in the company by way of qualification. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction with our company must declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of the directors. Subject to the NYSE rules and disqualification by the chairman of the relevant board meeting, a director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction notwithstanding that he may be interested therein and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at the relevant board meeting at which such contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction is considered. A director may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our non-executive directors and independent director appointees has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of employment. As long as SB Pan Pacific Corporation and its affiliates continue to collectively hold over 50% of the number of our shares held by them as of May 9, 2011, they have the right to appoint one director to serve on our board of directors. Our board of directors currently does not contain a member appointed by SB Pan Pacific Corporation.

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Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our code of business conduct and ethics provides that our directors and officers are expected to avoid any action, position or interest that conflicts with the interests of our company or gives the appearance of a conflict. Directors and officers have an obligation under our code of business conduct and ethics to advance our company’s interests when the opportunity to do so arises.

Duties of Directors

Cayman Islands law does not prescribe by statute the specific duties of directors of Cayman Islands companies and therefore the duties of directors are dictated by common law. Our directors have certain duties of care, diligence and skill as well as a fiduciary duty to act honestly and in good faith in the best interests of our company. Our directors must exercise the skills they actually possess. Our directors must exercise such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances but will not be liable for errors of judgment and therefore they may rely upon opinions and advice of outsiders but must still exercise their business judgment based upon such advice. It was previously considered that a director needs not to exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skills than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skills and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. Our directors must also use their powers for a proper purpose. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time. We have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. A shareholder may in certain circumstances have rights to damages if a duty owed by the directors is breached.

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a set term of office (unless specified in a written agreement between our company and our directors, if any) and hold office until their successor is duly elected or such time as they die, resign or are removed from office by special resolution or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders. A director will cease to be a director automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company; (iv) without special leave of absence from the board of directors, is absent from meetings of the board for three consecutive meetings and the board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our memorandum and articles of association.

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Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established three committees under the board of directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the corporate governance and nominating committee. We have adopted a charter for each of these committees. Each committee’s members and functions are as follows.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Tianruo Pu and Ms. Hui Huang. Mr. Pu is the chairman of our audit committee and our board of directors has determined that Mr. Pu is an audit committee financial expert. Mr. Pu and Ms. Huang each satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm;

reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

reviewing and approving any proposed related party transaction, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, involving over US$120,000 in a single transaction or a series of related transactions;

discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm;

reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal control and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies; and

meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent registered public accounting firm.

In 2019, our audit committee held meetings or passed resolutions by unanimous written consent 5 times.

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Ms. Hui Huang and Mr. Tianruo Pu. Ms. Huang is the chairman of our compensation committee. Ms. Huang and Mr. Pu each satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer is prohibited from attending any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

reviewing and approving the total compensation package for our chief executive officer;

reviewing and recommending to the board the compensation of our directors; and

reviewing periodically and approving any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

In 2019, our compensation committee did not hold meetings or pass resolutions.

Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Our corporate governance and nominating committee consists of Mr. Tianruo Pu and Mr. Chuanfu Wang, and is chaired by Mr. Pu. Mr. Pu and Mr. Wang each satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE. The corporate governance and nominating committee assists the board of directors in identifying individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The corporate governance and nominating committee is responsible for, among other things:

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	·	identifying and recommending to the board nominees for election or re-election to the board, or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

	·	reviewing annually with the board the composition of the board in light of the characteristics of independence, age, skills, experience and availability of service to us;

	·	identifying and recommending to the board the directors to serve as members of the board’s committees;

	·	advising the board periodically with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any corrective action to be taken; and

	·	monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

In 2019, our corporate governance and nominating committee did not hold meetings or pass resolutions.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. We may terminate an executive officer’s employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the officer, including, but not limited to, a conviction or plea of guilty to a felony, willful misconduct to our detriment or a failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause by a one-month prior written notice. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment with us by a one-month prior written notice for certain reasons, in which case the executive officer is entitled to the same severance benefits as in the situation of termination by us without cause.

Our executive officers have also agreed not to engage in any activities that compete with us, or to directly or indirect solicit the services of our employees, for a period of one year after termination of employment. Each executive officer has agreed to hold in strict confidence any confidential information or trade secrets of our company. Each executive officer also agrees to comply with all material applicable laws and regulations related to his or her responsibilities at our company as well as all material corporate and business policies and procedures of our company.

D. Employees

We had 1,368, 1,157 and 820 full-time employees as of December 31 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by function as of December 31, 2019:

Functional Area	Number of Employees		% of Total
Management and administration		148		18
Sales and marketing		256		31
Operations		160		20
Research & development		256		31
Total		820		100

As of December 31, 2019, we had 374 employees located in Beijing, 222 employees located in other cities in China, 78 employees located in the United States and 146 employees located in the Philippines.

As of December 31, 2019, 278 of our full-time employees were Kaixin employees, of whom 145 were based in Beijing and 133 were located in other cities in China.

We believe that we offer our employees competitive compensation packages and a dynamic work environment that encourages initiative and is based on merit. As a result, we have generally been able to attract and retain qualified personnel and maintain a stable core management team. We plan to hire additional experienced and talented employees for our Kaixin business in areas such as big data analytics, AI, marketing and operations, risk management and sales as we expand the business.

As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various government statutory employee benefit plans, including social insurance, namely pension insurance, medical insurance, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund. We are required under PRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by local government regulations from time to time.

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We enter into employment agreements with our employees. Our senior management enters into employment agreements with confidentiality and non-competition terms. The non-competition restricted period typically expires one year after the termination of employment, and we agree to compensate the employee with a certain percentage of his or her pre-departure salary during the restricted period.

We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any major labor disputes.

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares (including Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs), as of May 31, 2020, by:

	·	each of our directors and executive officers; and

	·	each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 1,061,092,893 ordinary shares outstanding as of May 31, 2020, including 755,704,443 Class A ordinary shares and 305,388,450 Class B ordinary shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to our ordinary shares. In computing the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned

Number

%⁽¹⁾

% of Voting
Power⁽²⁾

Directors and Executive Officers:

Joseph Chen ⁽³⁾

378,688,756

32.5

48.8

James Jian Liu ⁽⁴⁾

56,710,665

5.2

1.5

Hui Huang ⁽⁵⁾

Chuanfu Wang ⁽⁶⁾

Tianruo Pu ⁽⁷⁾

Yi Yang ⁽⁸⁾

Rita Yi ⁽⁸⁾

He Li ⁽⁸⁾

All directors and executive officers as a group ⁽⁹⁾

448,438,221

37.4

50.2

Principal Shareholders:

SoftBank Group Capital Limited and affiliate ⁽¹⁰⁾

405,388,451

38.2

42.6

DCM and affiliates ⁽¹¹⁾

87,929,865

8.3

2.3

CRCM Institutional Master Fund (BVI), Ltd. ⁽¹²⁾

62,905,470

5.9

1.7

Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd. ⁽¹³⁾

59,020,470

5.6

1.5

Less than 1% of our total outstanding ordinary shares.

(1)

For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by such person or group by the sum of the number of ordinary shares outstanding and the number of ordinary shares such person or group has the right to acquire upon exercise of the share options or warrants within 60 days of May 31, 2020.

(2)

For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power with respect to all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share and each holder of Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share held by our shareholders on all matters submitted to them for a vote. Subject to certain exceptions, our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

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(3)

Represents (i) 170,258,970 Class B ordinary shares held by Mr. Joseph Chen, (ii) 106,771,816 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Joseph Chen, among which 99,999,990 Class A ordinary shares are represented by 2,222,222 American depositary shares, (iii) 101,657,670 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Chen that that are exercisable within 60 days after May 31, 2020, and (iv) 1,880,804 Class A ordinary shares vested or upon vesting of Mr. Chen’s restricted share units within 60 days after May 31, 2020. See the two paragraphs following this table for more information on Class A and Class B ordinary shares. The business address of Mr. Chen is 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, People’s Republic of China.

(4)

Represents (i) 32,461,035 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. James Jian Liu, (ii) 24,150,000 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Liu that are exercisable within 60 days after May 31, 2020, and (iii) 99,630 Class A ordinary shares vested or upon vesting of Mr. Liu’s restricted share units within 60 days after May 31, 2020. The business address of Mr. Liu is 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, People’s Republic of China.

(5)

The business address of Ms. Huang is 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, People’s Republic of China.

(6)

The business address of Mr. Wang is No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan, Shenzhen, 518118, People’s Republic of China.

(7)

The business address of Mr. Pu is 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, People’s Republic of China.

(8)

The business address of each of Ms. Yang, Ms. Yi and Mr. Li is 5/F, North Wing, 18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100016, People’s Republic of China.

(9)

Certain directors and executive officers have been granted options pursuant to our 2006, 2008 and 2009 Equity Incentive Plans and our 2011 and 2016 Share Incentive Plan. See “Item 6.B—Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation— Equity Incentive Plans.”

(10)

The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned is as of December 31, 2019, as reported in a Schedule 13G/A filed by SoftBank Corp. on February 8, 2019, and consists of 270,258,971 Class A ordinary shares and 135,129,480 Class B ordinary shares held by SoftBank Group Capital Limited. See the two paragraphs following this table for more information on Class A and Class B ordinary shares. SoftBank Group Capital Limited is a corporation established under the laws of England and Wales, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of SoftBank Corp. SoftBank Corp. is a corporation established under the laws of Japan, and is a public company listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. On January 31, 2011, SoftBank Corp. transferred 2,582,200 series C preferred shares and 402,870,510 series D preferred shares to SB Pan Pacific Corporation, and, immediately prior to the completion of our initial public offering in May 2011, 135,129,480 of these series D preferred shares were converted into Class B ordinary shares on a one-to-one basis and the rest of the preferred shares held by SB Pan Pacific Corporation were converted into Class A ordinary shares on a one-to-one basis. In September 2018, SB Pan Pacific Corporation transferred all of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares held by it to SoftBank Group Capital Limited, as a part of an intracompany transfer. The business address for SoftBank Group Capital Limited is 69 Grosvenor Street, London, W1K 3JP, United Kingdom, and the business address for SoftBank Corp. is 1-9-1 Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7303, Japan.

(11)

The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned is as of December 31, 2018 as reported in a Schedule 13G/A filed by DCM (as defined below) and affiliates on February 11, 2018, and consists of (i) 81,768,285 Class A ordinary shares that are represented by 5,451,219 ADSs which are directly owned by DCM III, L.P., (ii) 2,166,501 Class A ordinary shares that are represented by 144,433 ADSs which are directly owned by DCM III-A, L.P. and (iii) 3,995,085 Class A ordinary shares that are represented by 266,339 ADSs which are directly owned by DCM Affiliates Fund III, L.P. We refer to these three entities collectively as “DCM.” DCM Investment Management III, LLC is the general partner of each of these three entities and may be deemed to have sole power to vote and dispose of the Class A ordinary shares held by them. In addition, Mr. David Chao, the managing member of DCM Investment Management III, LLC, may be deemed to have shared power to vote and dispose of those Class A ordinary shares. Mr. Chao also owns 2,310,450 shares (represented by 168,325 ADSs), of which 566,875 Class A ordinary shares are issuable upon the exercise of options. The business address of DCM Ventures is 2420 Sand Hill Road, Suite 200 Menlo Park, CA 94025.

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(12)

The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned is as of May 27, 2020 as reported in a Schedule 13G filed by CRCM (as defined below) and affiliates on June 19, 2020, and consists of 62,905,470 Class A ordinary shares directly held by CRCM Institutional Master Fund (BVI), Ltd. (the “CRCM Fund”). CRCM LP, a Delaware limited partnership is the investment manager of the CRCM Institutional Master Fund (BVI), Ltd. ChinaRock Capital Management Limited, a Hong Kong company limited by shares, is the sub-investment adviser to the CRCM LP. CRCM LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, is the general partner of the CRCM LP. Chun R. Ding , a Grenada citizen, is the managing partner of the CRCM LP, the director of the ChinaRock Capital Management Limited and a member of CRCM LLC with the power to exercise investment discretion. Each of CRCM LP, ChinaRock Capital Management Limited, CRCM LLC and Chun R. Ding disclaims any beneficial ownership of any such Class A ordinary shares. We refer to these entities and Ding as “CRCM.” The address of the principal business of (i) CRCM Institutional Master Fund (BVI), Ltd. is: c/o lntertrust (BVI) Limited, PO Box 4041, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands VG1110; (ii) CRCM LP, CRCM LLC is 475 Sansome Street, Suite 730, San Francisco, CA 94111; and (iii) ChinaRock Capital Management Limited and Ding is Unit 1617, 16th Floor, The Metropolis Tower, 10 Metropolis Drive, Hunghom, Kowloon , Hong Kong, China.

(13)

The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned is as of December 31, 2018 as reported in a Schedule 13G/A filed by Oasis (as defined below) on February 14, 2020, and consists of 59,020,470 Class A ordinary shares which are directly held by Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd, a Cayman Islands exempted company. Oasis Management Company Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company, is the investment manager of Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd. We refer to these two entities collectively as “Oasis.”Mr. Seth Fischer, is responsible for the supervision and conduct of all investment activities of the Oasis Management Company Ltd., including all investment decisions with respect to the assets of the Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd., with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares held by the Oasis Investments II Master Fund Ltd., may be deemed to have shared power to vote and dispose of those Class A ordinary shares. The address of the business office of Mr. Seth Fischer is c/o Oasis Compliance, Oasis Management (Hong Kong), 21st Floor, Man Yee Building, 68 Des Voeux Road, Central, Hong Kong. The address of the business office of each of Oasis Management and the Oasis II Fund is Ugland House, PO Box 309 Grand Cayman, KY1-110, Cayman Islands.

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. We issued Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs in our initial public offering in May 2011. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equal number of Class A ordinary shares. See “Item 10.B—Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares” for a more detailed description of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares.

To our knowledge, as of May 31, 2020, a total of 743,015,835 Class A ordinary shares were held by 33 record holders in the United States, including Citibank, N.A., the depositary of our ADS program, and 170,258,970 Class B ordinary shares were held by one record holder in the United States. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company. To our knowledge, we are not owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal persons, severally or jointly.

For the options granted to our directors, officers and employees, please refer to “Item 6.B—Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—Equity Incentive Plans.”

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6.E. Share Ownership.”

B. Related Party Transactions

Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities

Please refer to “Item 4.C—Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Affiliated Entities.”

Related Party Transactions with Our Major Shareholder

In 2006, we entered into an agreement to make a loan of US$0.2 million to Ms. Guolan Liu, who is the mother-in-law of our chief executive officer, for her investment into Beijing Hulian Shidai Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. The period of the loan was 10 years. In 2016, we received US$7.2 million from Ms. Liu for the repayment of the loan, representing all the proceeds directly or indirectly received by Ms. Liu through this investment. We recorded US$7.0 million of other income in the year ended December 31, 2016.

In 2015, we acquired a 7.5% equity interest in Beautiful Legend Co., Ltd., an entity of which the wife of our chairman and chief executive officer, Joseph Chen, is a majority shareholder. We accounted for the investment as a cost method investment and the carrying amount was US$4.6 million as of December 31, 2015. In January 2017, we acquired 1,150,000 shares for a total consideration of US$2.9 million, representing a 5% equity interest, in Shanghai Xingmi Network Technology Joint Stock Limited Company from Beautiful Legend Co., Ltd. In January 2017, we acquired a 5% equity interest in Beijing Caiqiu Century Technology Co., Ltd. from Beautiful Legend Co., Ltd., for a total consideration of US$1.5 million.

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In December 2018, we disposed of all tangible and intangible assets in our SNS platform and the related business, including Renren mobile live streaming, to Beijing Infinities Interactive Media Co., Ltd. for cash consideration of US$20 million and shares in the purchaser’s parent company, Infinities Technology (Cayman) Holding Limited, with a value of US$40 million, based on an agreed-upon estimated valuation of US$700 million for the parent company. Oak Pacific Holdings, a company controlled by Mr. Joseph Chen, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. James Jian Liu, our executive director and chief operating officer, controls one of the minority shareholders of the purchaser. As of December 31, 2019, the unpaid cash consideration was US$13 million, and we determined allowance of US$12.4 million of these unpaid cash consideration. For a detailed discussion, see Note 4 of the accompanying financial statements.

Related Party Transactions with Oak Pacific Investment

Oak Pacific Investment issued a note to Renren as part of the OPI Transaction in June 2018. In March 2019, the interest rate was increased to from 8% per year to 8.5% per year in connection with a refinancing of Oak Pacific Investment’s debt obligations. In December 2019, OPI paid $10 million to us for the principle of the note and accrued interest on the portion of note being prepaid. As of December 31, 2019, we had US$91.8 million due from Oak Pacific Investment.

The transactions described above were approved by the independent, disinterested members of our board and the audit committee of the board in all cases where we were a public company and the counterparty was a related party at the time of the transaction or had been prior to the time of the transaction.

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Employment Agreement

Please refer to “Item 6.C—Directors, Senior Management and Employees Board Practices—Employment Agreements.”

C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

A.	Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Legal Proceedings

On July 19, 2018, two of our shareholders brought a shareholder derivative suit on behalf of Renren, as a nominal defendant, against Joseph Chen, our chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors and David Chao, a former director. On December 5, 2018, another derivative suit was filed by a shareholder on behalf of Renren, as nominal defendant, against Joseph Chen, David Chao, several DCM entities, and Duff & Phelps, financial advisor to the special committee of the board of directors. On January 11, 2019, the plaintiffs in the two actions filed a joint motion to file a consolidated derivative complaint by February 1, 2019. On February 27, 2019, the court granted the consolidation motion and consolidated the cases under the caption In re Renren, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Index No. 653594/2018 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cty.). On March 7, 2019, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint in the consolidated case against Joseph Chen, David Chao, the DCM entities, Duff & Phelps, and Oak Pacific Investment. The complaint alleges that the valuation assigned to Oak Pacific Investment for purposes of the OPI Transaction undervalued the assets held by Oak Pacific Investment by several hundred million dollars and that the director defendants used the OPI Transaction to enrich themselves at the expense of other shareholders. The complaint further alleges that Duff & Phelps and the DCM Entities aided in the alleged acts relating to the OPI Transaction and that Oak Pacific Investment knowingly received the alleged improperly transferred assets. There are no claims asserted against Renren, but Renren may be subject to claims by certain of the defendants. On May 1, 2019, the court ordered a schedule for the briefing of several threshold issues, including service of process, jurisdiction and plaintiffs’ standing to pursue their claims. Renren and the defendants filed their motions to dismiss on these issues on May 10, 2019. On May 20, 2020, the court denied the motions to dismiss. Pursuant to a so-ordered stipulation, Renren and defendants Joseph Chen, David Chao, the DCM Entities, and Oak Pacific Investment answered the amended complaint on July 2, 2020 and defendant Duff & Phelps submitted supplemental briefing in support of its motion to dismiss the amended complaint on July 3, 2020. On June 22, 2020 and June 23, 2020, Renren and the defendants filed notices of appeal to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, First Judicial Department of the decision on the motions to dismiss.

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In 2019, due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders of Kaixin on operational matters, some non-controlling shareholders illegally detained Kaixin’s inventories in its Dealerships and significant uncertainty arises on the realizability and collectability of the prepayments to purchase used cars for these Dealerships and amounts due from these non-controlling shareholders. As a result, Kaixin wrote down $17.8 million inventory, and wrote off US$22.3 million prepayments and US$12.4 million amounts due from non-controlling shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2019. Kaixin is in the process of negotiating with these non-controlling shareholders and initiated legal proceedings where necessary.

From time to time, we have become and may in the future become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property claims, breach of contract claims, labor and employment claims and other matters. Internet media companies are frequently involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights and other allegations based on the content available on their website or services they provide. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We have been and may continue to be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties for services we provide or for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our website or distributed to our users, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects.” Although such proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of our current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flow. Regardless of the outcome, however, any litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense costs, diversion of management’s attention and other factors.

Dividend Policy

In June 2018, we paid a cash dividend of US$0.6125 per ordinary share, or US$9.1875 per ADS, to all of our shareholders as of 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on June 14, 2018, other than those shareholders who had waived the cash dividend in connection with the OPI Transaction. The aggregate amount of the cash dividend was US$133.7 million.

Other than the aforementioned cash dividend, we have not paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the past. We do not expect to pay regular dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of the cash dividend in June 2018 represents an exception to our dividend policy rather than a change to it. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business.

As we are a holding company, we rely, in part, on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiary for our cash requirements, including funds to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, service any debt we may incur and pay our operating expenses. In China, the payment of dividends is subject to limitations. PRC laws and regulations currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under current PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of their registered capital. At the discretion of our PRC subsidiary, it may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends. Further, if our PRC subsidiary incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and the Regulation of Our Business—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

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Subject to our memorandum and articles of association and certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare dividends, but no such dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, they will be paid in accordance with Cayman Islands law, which provides, in summary, that dividends may be paid out of profits and/or our share premium account provided always that no such distribution or dividend paid to our shareholders will cause us to be unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of our business. In addition, the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands prevents us from offering our shares or securities to individuals within the Cayman Islands, which may limit our ability to distribute a dividend comprised of our shares or other securities. We will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” in our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

B.	Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

A.	Offering and Listing Details

See “—C. Markets”

B.	Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

Markets

Our ADSs, each representing 45 Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on the NYSE since May 4, 2011 and trade under the symbol “RENN.”

D.	Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

Dilution

Not applicable.

F.	Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information

A.	Share Capital

Not applicable.

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B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, which is referred to below as the Companies Law, and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

The following are summaries of the material provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Law insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Registered Office and Objects

Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. As set forth in article 3 of our memorandum of association, the objects for which our company is established are unrestricted and we have full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the Companies Law, as amended from time to time, or any other law of the Cayman Islands.

Board of Directors

See “Item 6.C. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Composition of Board of Directors” and “Item 6.C. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Terms of Directors and Executive Officers.”

Ordinary Shares

General. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form, and are issued when registered in our register of members. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their shares.

Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to the Companies Law. The Companies Law provides, in summary, that dividends may be paid out of profits and/or our share premium account provided that no such distribution or dividend paid to our shareholders will, immediately after this payment, cause us to be unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of our business.

Conversion. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. All Class B ordinary shares beneficially owned by a holder and such holder’s affiliates will automatically convert into the same number of Class A ordinary shares if the holder and its affiliates collectively own less than 50% of the total shares held by them immediately upon the completion of our initial public offering in May 2011. In addition, upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not over 50% owned by, or is not a direct family member of, the original holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A ordinary shares. Furthermore, if a holder of the Class B ordinary shares transfers Class B ordinary shares to any entities in which the original holder owns over 50% but less than 100%, the number of Class B ordinary shares equal to the product of (X) the total number of Class B ordinary shares so transferred; and (Y) the difference between 100% and the percentage of ownership held by the original holder in the transferee shall be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A ordinary share.

Voting Rights. In respect of matters requiring shareholders’ votes, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes. In addition, the following matters are subject to the approval by the holders representing a majority of the aggregate voting power of our company, the holders of a majority of total outstanding Class A ordinary shares and, for as long as SB Pan Pacific Corporation and its affiliates collectively own no less than 50% of the total shares held by them immediately upon the completion of our initial public offering, the approval of SB Pan Pacific Corporation: (i) a change of control event, and (ii) election of director(s) to the board at an annual general meeting. In addition, for as long as SB Pan Pacific Corporation and its affiliates collectively own no less than 50% of the total shares held by them immediately upon the completion of our initial public offering, we need to obtain SB Pan Pacific Corporation’s approval for the following matters: (i) issuance of ordinary shares, or of securities convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares, in the aggregate in excess of 10% of the number of all ordinary shares outstanding immediately prior to the issuance of such shares or securities on an as-converted basis in any 12-month period, (ii) acquisition of major assets or business for consideration exceeding 10% of our company market capitalization; (iii) disposals of our material assets with a value exceeding 5% of our company’s market capitalization; or (iv) any amendment to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that specifically adversely affects the rights of SB Pan Pacific Corporation. In addition, for as long as SB Pan Pacific Corporation and its affiliates collectively own no less than 50% of the total shares held by them immediately upon the completion of our initial public offering, SB Pan Pacific Corporation and its affiliates will have the right to collectively appoint one director and the exclusive right to remove such director.

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A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least one shareholder present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative holding not less than an aggregate of one-third of all voting power of the shares in issue entitled to vote at the general meeting. Shareholders’ meetings may be held annually and may be convened by any one of our directors on its own initiative or upon a request to the directors by shareholders holding in aggregate at least one-fifth of the voting power of our share capital. Advance notice of at least seven calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and other shareholders’ meetings.

An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast attaching to the ordinary shares. A special resolution is required for important matters such as an amendment to our amended and restated memorandum or articles of association. Holders of the ordinary shares may effect certain changes by ordinary resolution, including increasing the amount of our authorized share capital, consolidating and dividing all or any of our share capital into shares of larger par value than our existing share capital, and canceling any shares.

Transfer of Shares. Subject to the restrictions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, which allows our directors to decline to register a transfer of any share which is not fully paid or on which we have a lien and to decline to recognize an instrument of transfer should it fail to comply with the form prescribed by our board or our transfer agent, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board, and we will take all steps necessary to ensure that the transferee is entered on the register of members in order for the transfer to be effective. We understand that no further approval by any authority in the Cayman Islands will be required in order for the transfer of shares to be effective.

Liquidation. On a liquidation or winding up, distribution or payment shall be made to the holders of ordinary shares. Considerations received by each Class B ordinary share and Class A ordinary share should be the same in any liquidation event. Assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares on a pro rata basis. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportionally.

Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 calendar days prior to the specified time and place of payment. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid on the specified time are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption of Shares. The provisions of the Companies Law, in summary, provides that provided our amended and restated articles of association permit it, we may issue shares which are to be redeemed or are liable to be redeemed at the option of our directors or a shareholder. In addition, the Companies Law allows us to purchase our own share, including any redeemable shares. Shares to be purchased or redeemed must be fully paid and there must remain at least one shareholder of the company holding shares. Share re-purchases or redemptions may be funded out of profits, capital or share premium, but to the extent funds other than profits are used, it is statutorily required that we be able to pay our debts as they fall due in our ordinary course of business following such a purchase or redemption. Subject to these provisions, our amended and restated articles of association allow us to issue shares on terms that are subject to either re-purchase by us or redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined by special resolution.

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Variations of Rights of Shares. All or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to the provisions of our amended and restated articles of association, be varied either with the written consent of the holders of a 75% of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking in priority to or pari passu with such previously existing shares.

Inspection of Books and Records. Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records, with the exception that, pursuant to statutory requirements, any of our creditors or shareholder may inspect our register of mortgages and charges, which includes details of any mortgage and change over our assets. We will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements.

Anti-Takeover Provisions. Some provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:

	·	authorize our board of directors to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

establish advance notice requirements for nominating board of directors nominees or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at annual shareholder meetings.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they honestly believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

C. Material Contracts

For the two years immediately preceding the date of this annual report, we have not entered into any material contracts, other than in the ordinary course of business or those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

D. Exchange Controls

The Cayman Islands currently has no exchange control restrictions. See also “Item 4.B—Information on the Company— Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Foreign Exchange.”

E. Taxation

The following discussion of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state, local and other tax laws. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it is the opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel, and to the extent it relates to PRC tax law, it is the opinion of TransAsia Lawyers, our PRC counsel.

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Cayman Islands Taxation

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and 100% of our equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries are held indirectly through our offshore holding companies. Our business operations are principally conducted through our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. The Enterprise Income Tax Law provides that China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its overseas parent that is not a PRC resident enterprise and has no establishment in the PRC, will normally be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%. Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered to be PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise under the above definition, then our global income will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25%.

The implementation rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law provide that (i) if the enterprise that distributes dividends is domiciled in the PRC, or (ii) if gains are realized from transferring equity interests of enterprises domiciled in the PRC, then such dividends or capital gains are treated as China-sourced income. It is not clear how “domicile” may be interpreted under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, and it may be interpreted as the jurisdiction where the enterprise is a tax resident. Therefore, if we are considered as a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders as well as gains recognized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result become subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%.

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. This summary applies only to investors that are U.S. Holders (as defined below) and that hold our ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets. This discussion is based upon existing United States federal tax law, including the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), its legislative history, existing, temporary and proposed regulations thereunder, published rulings and court decisions, all of which are subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual investment circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (for example, financial institutions, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, broker-dealers, traders in securities that elect mark-to-market treatment, partnerships (or other entities treated as partnerships for United States federal income tax purposes) and their partners and tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations), holders who are not U.S. Holders, holders who own (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value), holders who acquire their ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to any employee share option or otherwise as compensation, investors that will hold their ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction for United States federal income tax purposes, or investors that have a functional currency other than the United States dollar), all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below.

In addition, this discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as gift or estate tax laws, or state, local or foreign tax laws or the Medicare tax on certain net investment income. We have not sought, and will not seek, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), or an opinion as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with the discussion herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court.

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General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the law of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for United States federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a United States person under the Code.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If a U.S. Holder is a partner of a partnership holding our ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Our company is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As such, our company believes that it is not a United States corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. Under certain provisions of the Code and regulations, however, if pursuant to a plan (or a series of related transactions), a non-United States corporation such as our company acquires substantially all of the assets of a United States corporation, and after the acquisition 80% or more of the stock (by vote or value) of the non-United States corporation (excluding stock issued in a public offering related to the acquisition) is owned by former shareholders of the United States corporation by reason of their ownership of the United States corporation, the non-United States corporation will be considered a United States corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. Based on our analysis of the facts related to our corporate restructuring in 2005 and 2006, we do not believe that we should be treated as a United States corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. However, as there is no direct authority on how the relevant rules of the Code might apply to us, our company’s conclusion is not free from doubt. Therefore, our conclusion may be challenged by the United States tax authorities and a finding that we owe additional United States taxes could substantially reduce the value of your investment in our company. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the income tax consequences of purchasing, holding or disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares if we were to be treated as a United States domestic corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. The remainder of this discussion assumes that our company is treated as a non-United States corporation for United States federal income tax purposes.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement have been and will be complied with in accordance with the terms thereof.

For United States federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of ADSs will be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs.

Dividends

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC tax withheld) paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to provide our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, you should assume that any distribution paid will generally be treated as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-corporate U.S. Holder that is the recipient of dividend income generally will be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at the lower applicable capital gains rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period requirements are met. A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) generally will be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (i) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Our ADSs are listed on the NYSE, which is an established securities market in the United States, and our ADSs are readily tradable. Thus, we believe that dividends we pay on our ADSs would meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rates if we are not a PFIC. Since we do not expect that our ordinary shares will be listed on an established securities market, we do not believe that dividends we pay on our ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs will meet the conditions required for these reduced tax rates. Dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividend received deduction allowed to corporations.

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In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares. In such case, we may, however, be eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty. If we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by our ADSs, would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation applicable to qualified dividend income, as discussed above, if we are not a PFIC.

Dividends generally will be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and generally will constitute passive category income. A U.S. Holder may be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld, may instead claim a deduction, for United States federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholdings, but only for a year in which such U.S. Holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders derived from capital assets held for more than one year are currently eligible for reduced rates of taxation. In the event that gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in the PRC, such gain may be treated as PRC source gain under the United States-PRC income tax treaty. The deductibility of a capital loss is subject to limitations. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign withholding tax is imposed on a disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles are taken into account. Passive income is any income that would be foreign personal holding company income under the Code, including dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income, net gains from commodity transactions, net foreign currency gains and income from notional principal contracts. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat our VIEs as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we were not the owner of the above mentioned entities for United States federal income tax purposes, then we would likely be treated as a PFIC even if we would not otherwise have been treated as a PFIC for that particular year.

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Based on analyses of our income and the value of our assets, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019, although no assurance can be given due to the highly factual nature of such analyses. Our PFIC status for the current taxable year ending December 31, 2020 will not be determinable until after the close of the year, and it is possible that we may be classified as a PFIC for such taxable year and in future taxable years. We have been classified as a PFIC previously during each of the 2011-2018 tax years. Our PFIC classification for any particular year will depend on the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs, the nature of our assets and income over time, and the nature of our business. There can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC during a year in which a U.S. Holder owns our ADSs or ordinary shares, such ADSs or ordinary shares generally will continue to be treated as shares in a PFIC for all succeeding years during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, unless we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. If you make a deemed sale election, you will be deemed to have sold the ADSs or ordinary shares you hold at their fair market value as of the last day of the last year during which we were a PFIC. Any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the consequences described below.

In addition, if we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held our ADSs or ordinary shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special United States federal income tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remained a PFIC, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

	·	the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

	·	the amounts allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC, or a pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income; and

the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for such year and would be increased by an additional tax equal to interest on the resulting tax deemed deferred with respect to each such other taxable year.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, in the event we are or once again become a PFIC, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC is permitted to make a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs, but not our ordinary shares, provided that our ADSs remain listed on the NYSE and are regularly traded. We anticipate that our ADSs should qualify as being regularly traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard. If a U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election, the U.S. Holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

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Because, as a technical matter, a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder could continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes, even if a mark-to-market election is made with respect to our ADSs.

In certain circumstances, a shareholder in a PFIC may avoid the adverse tax consequences of the excess distribution regime described above if such shareholder can, and does, make a timely “qualified electing fund” election to include in income its pro rata share of the PFIC’s ordinary income and net capital gain on a current basis. In general, a U.S. Holder could make a qualified electing fund election only if we provide U.S. Holders with a “PFIC Annual Information Statement” that would allow the U.S. Holder to compute its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net capital gain determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. We currently do not separately compute income and loss in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles and, accordingly, U.S. Holders may not be able to make a qualified electing fund election.

If a U.S. Holder owns our ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621 and must report any “excess distributions” with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares during the year and other forms as may be required by the United States Treasury Department. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of purchasing, holding and disposing ADSs or ordinary shares, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election and the potential unavailability of the election to treat us as a qualified electing fund.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We previously filed our registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-173548), including the prospectus contained therein, with the SEC to register our Class A ordinary shares. We have also filed a related registration statement on Form F-6 (Registration No. 333-173515) with the SEC to register the ADSs.

We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. Reports and other information, when so filed, may be accessed on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We will furnish Citibank, N.A, the depositary of our ADSs, all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us. We will file our annual report on Form 20-F, including our audited financial statements, with the SEC. Our annual report on Form 20-F can be accessed on the SEC’s website as well the investor relations section of our website. Investors may request a hard copy of our annual report, free of charge, by contacting us.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

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Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Foreign Exchange Risk

Most of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks is generally limited, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while our ADSs are traded in U.S. dollars.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us. As of December 31, 2019, we had RMB-denominated cash and term deposits totaling RMB18.9 million (US$2.7 million) and U.S. dollar-denominated cash and term deposits totaling US$1.7 million.

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2019, approximately 40.6% of our total assets was comprised of a fixed-rate note that was issued to Renren by Oak Pacific Investment in June 2018. The principal amount of the note was US$90,000,000, the interest rate was 8% per year, and the term was the earlier of five years and the date upon which Oak Pacific Investment and its subsidiaries no longer hold any shares of Social Finance Inc. In March 2019, the interest rate was increased to 8.5% per year in connection with a refinancing of Oak Pacific Investment’s debt obligations. The amount currently owed to us under the note is approximately US$90.3 million as of April 30, 2020. This note bears interest at a fixed rate and so is subject to interest rate risk resulting in change in fair value from market fluctuations in interest rates. However, because the note only has slightly more than three years remaining on its term and we intend to hold it until maturity, we do not believe that the risk from market fluctuations in interest rates is material.

We also have exposure to interest rate risk relating to the interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Because we do not have a large amount of excess cash beyond the needs of our business for working capital, we do not believe that the risk from market fluctuations in interest rates is material.

Credit Risk

We have significant credit exposure to a privately held company that is a related party of ours. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 40.6% of our total assets was comprised of the note that was issued to Renren by Oak Pacific Investment in June 2018. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We have significant credit exposure to a related party.”

Inflation

Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2017, 2018 and 2019 were increases of 1.8%, 1.9% and 4.5%, respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we may be affected if China experiences higher rates of inflation in the future.

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Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Fees and Charges Our ADS Holders May Have to Pay

Citibank, N.A., is the depositary of our ADS program. Set forth below is a summary of fees holders of our ADSs may be required to pay for various services the depositary may provide:

Service		Fee
Issuance of ADSs		Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued
Cancellation of ADSs		Up to US$0.05 per ADS canceled
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions		Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to stock dividends, free stock		Up to US$0.05 per ADS held exercise of rights distributions or exercise of rights
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs		Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Depositary services established by the depositary		Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s)
Transfer of ADRs		US$1.50 per certificate presented for transfer

As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary and certain taxes and governmental charges such as:

	·	fees for the transfer and registration of Class A ordinary shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the Class A ordinary shares in the Cayman Islands (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of Class A ordinary shares);

	·	expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars;

	·	expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities;

	·	taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities (i.e., when Class A ordinary shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit); and

fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of Class A ordinary shares on deposit.

Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and cancellation of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for cancellation. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.

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The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (such as stock dividends and rights distributions), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via DTC), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.

The fees and charges ADS holders may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. ADS holders will receive prior notice of such changes.

Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us

The depositary has agreed to reimburse us for certain expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, including investor relations expenses and exchange application and listing fees. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositary will reimburse us, but the amount of reimbursement available to us is not related to the amounts of fees the depositary collects from investors. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we received nil, approximately US$0.8 million and US$0.1 million, respectively, net of applicable withholding taxes in the United States, from the depository as reimbursement for our expenses incurred in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the ADS program.

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PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders

See “Item 10. Additional Information—Ordinary Shares” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.

Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and acting chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and acting chief financial officer, has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective, due to the three material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as described below.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and acting chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for our company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that a company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of a company’s management and directors, and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Due to its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to consolidated financial statement preparation and presentation, and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

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As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules as promulgated by the SEC, our management assessed the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, using criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our management identified three material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as follows:

Inadequate controls designed over the accounting of significant and complex transactions to ensure that those transactions are properly accounted for in accordance with U.S. GAAP,

Lack of an effective continuous risk assessment process to identify and assess the financial reporting risks, and

Lack of evaluations to ascertain whether the components of internal control are present and functioning.

As a result of these material weaknesses and based on the evaluation described above, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2019. Notwithstanding these material weaknesses, however, management has concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

Management’s Remediation Plans and Actions

To remediate the material weaknesses described above in “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting,” we are implementing the plan and measures described below, and we will continue to evaluate and may in the future implement additional measures.

We will carry out the following remediation measures:

	·	We plan to recruit additional staff with relevant accounting experience, skills and knowledge in accounting and disclosure for complex transactions under the requirements of U.S. GAAP.

We will design and implement robust financial reporting and management controls over future significant and complex transactions.

We believe that we are taking the steps necessary for remediation of the material weaknesses identified above, and we will continue to monitor the effectiveness of these steps and to make any changes that our management deems appropriate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than as described above, there were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected or are reasonable likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

Management, including our chief executive officer and our acting chief financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system cannot provide absolute assurance due to its inherent limitations; it is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. A control system also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of such limitations, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting cannot prevent or detect all misstatements, whether unintentional errors or fraud. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process, therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

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Item 16. Reserved

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Tianruo Pu, who is an independent director (under the standards set forth in Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the NYSE and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act), qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.”

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

Our board has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that provides that our directors and officers are expected to avoid any action, position or interest that conflicts with the interests of our company or gives the appearance of a conflict. Directors and officers have an obligation under our code of business conduct and ethics to advance our company’s interests when the opportunity to do so arises. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at http://www.renren-inc.com.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP and KPMG Huazhen LLP, our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated.

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018		2019
	(in thousands of US$)
Audit fees ⁽¹⁾		2,501.0		1,684.8
Tax fees⁽²⁾		-		30.0
Other fees ⁽³⁾		25.7		284.1

(1)

“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed or payable for professional services rendered by our independent auditors in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements or the review of our interim consolidated financial statements required for statutory or regulatory filings. We paid or accrued expenses of US$2.5 million and US $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 related to Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP. We paid or accrued expenses of US$1.2 million to KPMG Huazhen LLP related to its audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 and limited procedures performed in relation to interim financial information.

(2)	“Tax fees” include tax advisory service provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. We paid or accrued expenses of US$0.03 million to KPMG Huazhen LLP related to its tax advisory service for the year ended December 31, 2019.

(3)

“Other fees” represent the aggregate fees billed and expected to be billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm other than the services reported in (1) and (2). We paid or accrued expenses of US$0.03 million and US $0.14 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019 related to Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP. We paid or accrued expenses of US$0.14 million related to KPMG Huazhen LLP for the year ended December 31, 2019.

All audit and non-audit services provided by our independent auditors must be pre-approved by our audit committee.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

During the course of the administration of our equity incentive plans, we have, from time to time, canceled or repurchased restricted shares or other securities held by employees or other participants of our equity incentive plans.

Our previously adopted ADS repurchase program expired without any repurchases having taken place. We currently have no repurchase program in place.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

On November 5, 2019, we replaced Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, or Deloitte, as our independent registered public accounting firm. We engaged KPMG Huazhen LLP, or KPMG, as our independent registered public accounting firm. The change of our independent registered public accounting firm was approved by the audit committee of our board on November 5, 2019. There was no disagreement between us and Deloitte.

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Other than the adverse opinion on our internal control over financial reporting included in our 2017 annual report on Form 20-F because of a material weakness, the reports of Deloitte on our consolidated financial statements and internal control of financial reporting for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and the report of Deloitte on our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 and the subsequent interim period through November 5, 2019, there have been no (i) disagreements between us and Deloitte on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements if not resolved to the satisfaction of Deloitte would have caused them to make reference thereto in their reports on the consolidated financial statements for such years, or (ii) reportable events as defined in Form 20-F Item 16F (a)(1)(v) other than the material weakness of inadequate controls designed over the accounting of significant, unusual and complex transactions to ensure that those transactions are properly accounted for in accordance with U.S. GAAP reported in our 2017 annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange of Commission on May 14, 2018 and the material weakness of inadequate controls designed over the accounting of significant and complex transactions to ensure that those transactions are properly accounted for in accordance with U.S. GAAP disclosed in our 2018 annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange of Commission on May 15, 2019.

The audit committee of our board of directors discussed the material weaknesses with Deloitte and we authorized Deloitte to fully respond to the inquiries of KPMG on the internal control related matters.

We provided Deloitte with a copy of the disclosures under this Item 16F and requested from Deloitte a letter addressed to the Securities and Exchange Commission indicating whether it agrees with such disclosures. A copy of Deloitte’s letter dated July 7, 2020 is attached as Exhibit 16.1.

During each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 and the subsequent interim period through November 5, 2019, neither we nor anyone on behalf of us has consulted with KPMG regarding (i) the application of accounting principles to a specific transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our consolidated financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to us that KPMG concluded was an important factor considered by us in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing, or financial reporting issue, (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of the instructions to Form 20-F, or (iii) any reportable event pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of the instructions to Form 20-F.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

Section 303A.01 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires a listed company to have a majority of independent directors.

Section 303A.07(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires the audit committee to have a minimum of three members.

Section 303A.08 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires a listed company to give shareholders an opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions thereto.

Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires each listed company’s chief executive officer to certify to the NYSE each year that he or she is not aware of any violation by the company of NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company, and there are no requirements under applicable Cayman Islands law that correspond to these sections of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. Pursuant to the exception granted to foreign private issuers under Section 303A.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we have followed our home country practice and are exempted from the requirements of Sections 303A.01, 303A.07(a), 303A.08 and 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, although currently we are in compliance with the requirement to have a majority of independent directors under Section 303A.01.

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Other than the requirements discussed above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by domestic listed companies as required under the NYSE Listed Company Manual.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

Item 18. Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of Renren Inc. and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities are included at the end of this annual report.

Item 19. Exhibits

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
1.1		Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

2.1		Specimen American depositary receipt of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

2.2		Specimen Class A ordinary share certificate of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

2.3		Deposit Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2011, by and among the Registrant, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and the holders of the American Depositary Receipts (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (file no. 333-177366), filed with the SEC on October 18, 2011).

2.4		Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement between the Registrant and other parties therein, dated as of April 4, 2008, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

2.5		Form of Registration Rights Agreement between the Registrant and other parties therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

2.6*		Description of Securities

4.1		2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.2		2008 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

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Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.3		2009 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.4		2011 Share Incentive Plan (as amended by Amendment No.1 to the 2011 Share Incentive Plan) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (file no. 333-209734), filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016).

4.5		Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.6		Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and the officers of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.7		Business Operations Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2010, between Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng and the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.8		Amended and Restated Equity Option Agreements, dated as of December 23, 2010, between Qianxiang Shiji and the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.9		Amended and Restated Equity Interest Pledge Agreements, dated as of December 23, 2010, between Qianxiang Shiji and the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.10		Power of Attorney, dated as of December 23, 2010, by the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.11		Spousal Consents, dated as of December 23, 2010, by the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.12		Amended and Restated Loan Agreements, dated as of December 23, 2010, between Qianxiang Shiji and the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

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Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.13		Amended and Restated Exclusive Technical Service Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2010, between Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.14		Amended and Restated Intellectual Property Right License Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2010, between Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011).

4.15		Power of Attorney, dated December 4, 2013, by Huang Hui (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.32 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 29, 2014).

4.16		Power of Attorney, dated December 4, 2013, by Liu Jian (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.33 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 29, 2014).

4.17		Spousal Consent issued by Jonathan Gentile Anderson, as the lawful spouse of Huang Hui, and Chen Yan, as the lawful spouse of Liu Jian, both dated December 4, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.34 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on April 29, 2014).

4.18		Loan Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Jing Yang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.32 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.19		Loan Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Jian Liu (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.33 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.20		Business Operations Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, by and among Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Jingwei Zhihui Information Technology Co., Ltd., Jing Yang and Jian Liu (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.34 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.21		Power of Attorney, dated May 22, 2014, by Jing Yang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.35 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.22		Power of Attorney, dated May 22, 2014, by Jian Liu (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.36 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.23		English translation of Spousal Consents, by Joseph Chen, as the lawful spouse of Jing Yang, and Yan Chen, as the lawful spouse of James Jian Liu, both dated May 22, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.37 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

143

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.24		Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Service Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Jingwei Zhihui Information Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.38 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.25		Intellectual Property Right License Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Jingwei Zhihui Information Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.39 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.26		English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Jing Yang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.40 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.27		English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Jian Liu (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.41 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.28		Equity Option Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Jing Yang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.42 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.29		Equity Option Agreement, dated May 22, 2014, between Beijing Jingwei Sinan Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Jian Liu (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.43 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.30		English translation of Framework Purchase Agreement, dated October 28, 2014, by and among the Registrant, Beijing Wole Information Technology Co., Ltd., Jian Liu, Hui Huang, Guangzhou Qianjun Internet Technology Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Jinhu Media Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.44 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.31		English translation of Amendment to Framework Purchase Agreement, dated December 1, 2014, by and among the Registrant, Beijing Wole Information Technology Co., Ltd., Jian Liu, Hui Huang, Guangzhou Qianjun Internet Technology Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Jinhu Media Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.45 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.32		English translation of Business Cooperation Agreement, dated December 1, 2014, by and among Beijing Wole Information Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Qianjun Internet Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Jinhu Media Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.46 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

144

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.33		English translation of Service Agreement, dated December 1, 2014, by and among Beijing Wole Information Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Qianjun Internet Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Jinhu Media Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.47 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on April 16, 2015)

4.34		Convertible Note and Series F Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 28, 2015, by and among Social Finance, Inc., SoftBank Group International Limited, the Registrant and other parties therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.37 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 16, 2016)

4.35		English translation of Framework Agreement on Transfer of Renren Games Business by Renren Inc., dated January 5, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Link 224 Inc., Renren Game Hong Kong Limited and other parties therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.38 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 16, 2016)

4.36		English translation of Asset Sale and Purchase Agreement for Shanghai Renren Finance Leasing Asset-Backed Special Plan, dated January 26, 2016, by and between Shanghai Renren Finance Leasing Co., Ltd. and Xinyuan Asset Management Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.38 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2017)

4.37		2016 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (file no. 333-209734), filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016)

4.38		English translation of Asset Sale and Purchase Agreement for Shanghai Renren Finance Leasing Asset-Backed Special Plan II, dated August 10, 2016, by and between Shanghai Renren Finance Leasing Co., Ltd. and Beijing Founder Fubon Asset Management Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.40 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2017)

4.39		Transaction Confirmation, dated April 4, 2017, in connection with the sale of shares of Social Finance Inc. by the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.41 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2017)

4.40		Loan Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and James Jian Liu (English Translation), dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.40 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.41		Loan Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Yang Jing (English Translation), dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.41 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

145

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.42		Loan Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Yi Rui, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.42 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.43		Loan Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Thomas Jintao Ren, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.43 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.44		Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd. dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.44 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.45		Exclusive Technology Support and Technology Services Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.45 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.46		Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd, between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and James Jian Liu, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.46 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.47		Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd, between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Yang Jing, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.47 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 00135147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.48		Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Yi Rui, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.48 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.49		Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Thomas Jintao Ren, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.49 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.50		Intellectual Property Right License Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd. and dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.50 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

146

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.51		Intellectual Property Right License Agreement between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited. and Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.51 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.52		Equity Option Agreement concerning Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and James Jian Liu, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.52 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.53		Equity Option Agreement concerning Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Yang Jing, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.53 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.54		Equity Option Agreement concerning Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Yi Rui, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.54 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.55		Equity Option Agreement concerning Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. between Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited and Thomas Jintao Ren, dated August 18, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.55 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.56		Form of Equity Purchase Agreement (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.56 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.57		Form of Used Vehicle Purchase Contract (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.57 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.58		Form of Used Vehicle Agency Services Agreement (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.58 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.59		Form of Used Vehicle Sales Contract (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.59 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

147

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.60		Kaixin Auto Group 2018 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.60 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.61		Power of Attorney between Ren Jintao and Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.61 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.62		Power of Attorney between Yi Rui and Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.62 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.63		Power of Attorney between Yang Jing and Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.63 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.64		Power of Attorney between Liu Jian and Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.64 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.65		Business Operations Agreement by and among Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited., Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., Ren Jintao and Yi Rui, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.65 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.66		Business Operations Agreement by and among Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Company Limited., Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co. Ltd, Yang Jing and Liu Jian, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.66 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.67		Consent of Xi Wang, lawful spouse of Ren Jintao, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.67 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.68		Consent of Zhang Jian, lawful spouse of Yi Rui, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.68 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.69		Consent of Joseph Chen, lawful spouse of Yang Jing, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.69 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

148

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.70		Consent of Chen Yan, lawful spouse of Liu Jian, dated August 18, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.70 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 14, 2018)

4.71		Automobile Consumer Loan Cooperation (Framework) Agreement between Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. Shanghai Branch and Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., dated April 17, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.71 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.72		Supplementary Agreement of Auto Consumer Loan Cooperation (Framework) Agreement between Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. Shanghai Branch and Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd., dated June 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.72 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.73		Master Transaction Agreement among Renren Inc. CM Seven Star Acquisition Corporation and Kaixin Auto Group, dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.73 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.74		Non-Competition Agreement between Renren Inc. and Kaixin Auto Group, dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.74 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.75		Transitional Services Agreement between Renren Inc. and Kaixin Auto Group, dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.75 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.76		Investor Rights Agreement among CM Seven Star Acquisition Corporation, Shareholder Value Fund and Renren Inc., dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.76 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.77		Escrow Agreement concerning earnout shares among Renren Inc., CM Seven Star Acquisition Corporation and Vistra Corporate Services (HK) Limited, an escrow agent, dated April 30, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.77 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.78		Share Exchange Agreement dated November 2, 2018, by and among Kaixin Auto Group, the Registrant and CM Seven Star Acquisition Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Current Report on Form 6-K (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on November 6, 2018)

4.79		Asset Purchase Agreement dated November 13, 2018 by and between Beijing Infinities Interactive Media Co., Ltd. and Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.79 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

149

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.80		Share Subscription Agreement dated November 13, 2018 by and between Infinities Technology (Cayman) Holding Limited and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.80 to our annual report on Form 20-F (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2019)

4.81		Convertible Loan Agreement dated January 28, 2019, by and among Kaixin Auto Group, the Registrant, CM Seven Star Acquisition Corp., and Kunlun Tech Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to our Current Report on Form 6-K (file no. 001-35147), filed with the SEC on January 29, 2019)

8.1*		Subsidiaries of the Registrant

11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011)

12.1*		Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

12.2*		Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.1**		Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.2**		Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

15.1*		Consent of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP

15.2*		Consent of KPMG Huazhen LLP

15.3*		Consent of TransAsia Lawyers

15.4*		Consent of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP

16.1*		Letter from Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith.

150

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	Renren Inc.

	By:	/s/ Joseph Chen
		Name:	Joseph Chen
		Title:	Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer

Dated: July 7, 2020

151

RENREN INC.

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms and Consolidated Financial Statements

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

RENREN INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

	PAGE(S)
CONTENTS

REPORTS OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMS	F-2

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2019	F-4

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019	F-6

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019	F-9

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019	F-10

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 2017, 2018 AND 2019	F-11

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019	F-14

FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE I	F-82

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Renren Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Renren Inc., its subsidiaries, its variable interest entities and the subsidiaries of its variable interest entities (the Company) as of December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, changes in equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes and financial statement schedule I (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred a loss from operations and negative cashflows from operating activities, has net current liabilities and an accumulated deficit, and has defaulted on loans that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”).

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the (consolidated) financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG Huazhen LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

Beijing, China
July 7, 2020

F-2

RENREN INC.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS OF RENREN INC.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Renren Inc., its subsidiaries, its variable interest entities and the subsidiaries of its variable interest entities (collectively, the "Company") as of December 31, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule included in Schedule I (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP

Beijing, the People's Republic of China
May 15, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

F-3

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data)

	As of December 31,
	2018		2019
ASSETS

Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	15,333	$	4,473
Restricted cash		5,818		13,091
Accounts receivable (net of allowances of $2,635 and $264 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		2,584		649
Short term investments		-		1,436
Financing receivable (net of allowances of $9,257 and $11,167 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		3,486		-
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		49,515		30,454
Inventory		59,197		21,981
Amounts due from related parties (net of allowances of $nil and $12,556 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		20,829		688


Total current assets		156,762		72,772

Property and equipment, net		1,555		851
Intangible assets, net		1,092		708
Goodwill		84,434		124
Long-term investments		22,341		13,454
Amounts due from related parties - non-current		133,880		131,758
Right-of-use assets		-		5,506
Restricted cash – non-current (including restricted cash – non-current of the consolidated VIEs of $363 and $358 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		36,362		358
Other non-current assets (including other non-current of the consolidated VIEs of $747 and $660 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		767		680


TOTAL ASSETS	$	437,193	$	226,211

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (including accounts payable of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $6,849 and $4,448 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	$	8,255	$	5,393
Short-term debt (including short-term debt of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $29,816 and $10,177 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		49,887		31,077
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (including accrued expenses and other current liabilities of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $19,135 and $22,859 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		33,055		37,068
Operating lease liabilities - current (including operating lease liabilities - current of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $nil and $1,441 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019)		-		2,836
Payable to investors (including payable to investors of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $15 and $14 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019)		15		14
Amounts due to related parties (including amount due to related parties of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $28 and $774 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		55		774

F-4

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - continued

DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data)

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
Deferred revenue (including deferred revenue of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $3,099 and $15 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		3,716			750
Income tax payable (including income tax payable of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $10,920 and $9,116 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		20,602			20,054
Contingent consideration (Note 5) (including contingent consideration of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $11,929 and $nil as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		11,929			204


Total current liabilities		127,514			98,170

Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt		35,000			-
Operating lease liabilities - non-current (including operating lease liabilities - non-current of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $nil and $810 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		-			1,980
Long-term contingent consideration (Note 5) (including long-term contingent consideration of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to Renren Inc. of $88,098 and $ nil as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		93,741			828


Total non-current liabilities		128,741			2,808

TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	256,255		$	100,978

Commitments and contingencies (Note 23)

Equity:
Class A ordinary shares, $0.001 par value, 3,000,000,000 shares authorized, 737,222,448 and 750,816,633 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively	$	737		$	751
Class B ordinary shares, $0.001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 305,388,450 and 305,388,450 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively; each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share		305			305
Additional paid-in capital		709,137			720,513
Accumulated deficit		(563,737	)		(614,830	)
Statutory reserves		6,712			6,712
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(5,689	)		(9,338	)

Total Renren Inc. shareholders' equity		147,465			104,113

Noncontrolling interest		33,473			21,120

Total equity		180,938			125,233

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	437,193		$	226,211

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Revenues:
Automobile sales	$	121,084		$	467,232		$	332,634
Financing income		29,269			2,456			32
Other services		24,271			28,510			17,117
Total revenues		174,624			498,198			349,783

Cost of revenues:
Automobile sales		116,385			449,805			338,016
Financing income		28,975			14,021			2,017
Other services		17,954			12,642			6,860

Total cost of revenues		163,314			476,468			346,893

Gross profit		11,310			21,730			2,890

Operating expenses (income):
Selling and marketing		20,070			34,562			25,142
Research and development		17,435			26,349			26,148
General and administrative		51,494			71,094			46,651
Provision of amount due from a related party		-			-			12,408
Impairment of goodwill		-			29,055			83,379
Gain on disposal of property and equipment		-			(25,928	)		-
Total operating expenses		88,999			135,132			193,728

Loss from operations		(77,689	)		(113,402	)		(190,838	)
Other income (expenses)		2,656			(2,014	)		2,363
Fair value change (loss) gain of contingent consideration		(2,601	)		(29,604	)		86,256
Impairment of long-term investments		-			-			(2,000	)
Interest income (including interest income from a related party of $nil, $3,880 and $7,878 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		1,988			5,760			8,837
Interest expenses		(4,322	)		(5,103	)		(4,623	)
Realized (loss) gain on short-term investments		(100	)		-			9
Realized gain (loss) on disposal of long-term investments		37,311			(2,141	)		-

Loss before provision of income tax and earnings (loss) in equity method investments and noncontrolling interest, net of tax		(42,757	)		(146,504	)		(99,996	)
Income tax expenses		(4,479	)		(9,850	)		(24	)

Loss before earnings (loss) in equity method investments and noncontrolling interest, net of tax		(47,236	)		(156,354	)		(100,020	)
Earnings (loss) in equity method investments, net of tax		55,985			(2,463	)		(7,464	)

Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	8,749		$	(158,817	)	$	(107,484	)

F-6

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 - continued

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Discontinued operations:
Loss from the operations of the discontinued operations, net of tax expenses of $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively	$	(119,252	)	$	(18,799	)	$	-
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiaries, net of tax of $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively		-			242,097			-

(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax expenses of $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively		(119,252	)		223,298			-

Net (loss) income		(110,503	)		64,481			(107,484	)
Net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest		76			8,059			56,391

Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Renren Inc.		8,825			(150,758	)		(51,093	)
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to Renren Inc.		(119,252	)		223,298			-

Net (loss) income attributable to Renren Inc.	$	(110,427	)	$	72,540		$	(51,093	)

F-7

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 - continued

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Net income (loss) per share:
Net income (loss) per share from continuing operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic	$	0.01		$	(0.15	)	$	(0.05	)
Diluted	$	0.01		$	(0.15	)	$	(0.05	)

Net (loss) income per share from discontinued operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic	$	(0.12	)	$	0.22		$	-
Diluted	$	(0.12	)	$	0.20		$	-

Net (loss) income per share attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic	$	(0.11	)	$	0.07		$	(0.05	)
Diluted	$	(0.11	)	$	0.07		$	(0.05	)

Weighted average number of shares used in calculating net income (loss) per share from continuing operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic		1,028,537,406			1,036,421,063			1,049,024,096
Diluted		1,029,736,939			1,036,421,063			1,049,024,096

Weighted average number of shares used in calculating net (loss) income per share from discontinued operations attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders:
Basic		1,028,537,406			1,036,421,063			-
Diluted		1,028,537,406			1,095,805,917			-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(In thousands of US dollars)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Net (loss) income	$	(110,503	)	$	64,481		$	(107,484	)

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation		9,585			(5,770	)		(4,868	)
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments, net of tax of $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively		3,891			(9,671	)		9
Transfer to statements of operations of realized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax of $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively		(3,243	)		(7,364	)		(9	)

Other comprehensive income (loss)		10,233			(22,805	)		(4,868	)

Comprehensive (loss) income		(100,270	)		41,676			(112,352	)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(76	)		(10,578	)		(57,915	)

Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Renren Inc.	$	(100,194	)	$	52,254		$	(54,437	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-9

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data)

																	Accumulated			Total
	Class A				Class B				Additional								other			Renren			Non-
	ordinary shares				ordinary shares				paid-in			Accumulated			Statutory		comprehensive			Inc.'s			controlling			Total
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		capital			deficit			reserves		income (loss)			equity			interest			equity
Balance at January 1, 2017		719,651,418	$	720		305,388,450	$	305	$	1,266,592		$	(542,746	)	$	6,712	$	6,883		$	738,466			-		$	738,466
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		28,016			-			-		-			28,016			-			28,016
Other comprehensive loss		-		-		-		-		-			-			-		9,477			9,477			756			10,233
Noncontrolling interest arising from an acquisition		-		-		-		-		-			-			-		756			756			24,499			25,255
Capital contribution from non-controlling shareholder		-		-		-		-		7,954			-			-		-			7,954			8,763			16,717
Net loss		-		-		-		-		-			(110,427	)		-		-			(110,427	)		(76	)		(110,503	)
Exercise of share option and restricted shares vesting		6,898,035		7		-		-		555			-			-		-			562			-			562

Balance at December 31, 2017		726,549,453	$	727		305,388,450	$	305	$	1,303,117		$	(653,173	)	$	6,712	$	17,116		$	674,804			33,942		$	708,746
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		31,603			-			-		-			31,603			-			31,603
Other comprehensive loss		-		-		-		-		-			7,364			-		(10,754	)		(3,390	)		(2,519	)		(5,909	)
Noncontrolling interest arising from an acquisition		-		-		-		-		-			-			-		(2,519	)		(2,519	)		5,535			3,016
Disposal of subsidiaries		-		-		-		-		(64	)		-			-		-			(64	)		(1,421	)		(1,485	)
Capital contribution from non-controlling shareholder		-		-		-		-		7,947			-			-		-			7,947			5,995			13,942
Deconsolidation of Oak Pacific Investment		-		-		-		-		(634,278	)		9,532			-		(9,532	)		(634,278	)		-			(634,278	)
Net income (loss)		-		-		-		-		-			72,540			-		-			72,540			(8,059	)		64,481
Exercise of share option and restricted shares vesting		10,672,995		10		-		-		812			-			-		-			822			-			822

Balance at December 31, 2018		737,222,448	$	737		305,388,450	$	305	$	709,137		$	(563,737	)	$	6,712	$	(5,689	)	$	147,465		$	33,473		$	180,938
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		11,369			-			-		-			11,369			915			12,284
Other comprehensive loss		-		-		-		-		-			-			-		(3,344	)		(3,344	)		(1,524	)		(4,868	)
Acquisition of interest in a dealership held by non-controlling shareholder		-		-		-		-		(187	)		-			-		-			(187	)		(1,325	)		(1,512	)
Disposal of a dealership		-		-		-		-		(81	)		-			-		-			(81	)		(701	)		(782	)
Reverse recapitalization of the Kaixin Offering		-		-		-		-		(21,040)			-			-		(305	)		(21,345	)		16,298			(5,047)
Issuance of units by KAH and conversion of rights to KAH’s ordinary shares		-		-		-		-		5,184			-			-		-			5,184			2,316			7,500
Beneficial conversion feature of a convertible loan issued by Kaixin		-		-		-		-		1,471			-			-		-			1,471			657			2,128
Conversion of convertible loans issued by Kaixin to KAH’s ordinary shares		-		-		-		-		14,666			-			-		-			14,666			6,553			21,219
Net loss		-		-		-		-		-			(51,093	)		-		-			(51,093	)		(56,391	)		(107,484	)
Exercise of share option and restricted shares vesting		13,594,185		14		-		-		(6	)		-			-		-			8			-			8
Reclassification from liability to equity for contingent consideration		-		-		-		-		-			-			-		-			-			20,849			20,849
Balance at December 31, 2019		750,816,633	$	751		305,388,450	$	305	$	720,513		$	(614,830	)	$	6,712	$	(9,338	)	$	104,113		$	21,120		$	125,233

The accompanying notes are integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-10

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(In thousands of US dollars)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(110,503	)	$	64,481		$	(107,484	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation expense		28,016			31,603			12,284
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiaries		(1,825	)		(242,097	)		(1,572	)
Noncash interest expenses		-			-			2,347
Loss (earnings) in equity method investments		(67,240	)		12,090			7,464
Realized gain on disposal of long-term investments		(37,311	)		2,141			-
Reduction in the carrying amount of the right-of-use assets		-			-			2,852
Depreciation and amortization		2,029			1,443			975
Impairment on property and equipment		-			-			503
Impairment on long-term investments		113,073			2,180			2,000
Impairment on intangible assets		-			675			-
Impairment on goodwill		-			29,055			83,379
Interest income from long-term available-for-sale investment		(108	)		-			-
Write-offs of prepaid expenses and other current assets		-			-			22,700
Provision for doubtful accounts		46			41			212
Provision for amount due from a related party		-			-			12,408
Write-offs for advance to supplier related to Ji'nan Dealership		(39	)		16,140			-
Allowances for financing receivable losses		12,745			10,802			2,017
Write down of inventory		-			200			17,826
Write-offs of inventory related to Ji'nan Dealership		-			5,712			-
(Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment		13			(25,928	)		(52	)
(Gain) loss on short-term investments		100			-			-
Realized gain on long-term available-for-sale investment		-			(1,005	)		-
Fair value change of put option and liability-classified warrant		(195	)		(233	)		-
Fair value change of contingent consideration		2,545			29,604			(86,256	)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		2,116			3,463			1,549
Financing receivable		(321	)		19			1,430
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(20,842	)		51,864			(9,758	)
Inventory		(76,605	)		28,903			18,676
Right of use assets		-			-			(8,387	)
Other non-current assets		434			154			82
Accounts payable		12,599			(11,682	)		(2,063	)
Amounts due from/to related parties		7,514			(65,343	)		(6,495	)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		8,576			(5,442	)		(2,497	)
Interest payable to investors		(4,048	)		(4,722	)		-
Deferred revenue		4,109			(7,324	)		(2,402	)
Operating lease liabilities-current		-			-			2,857
Operating lease liabilities-non-current		-			-			1,990
Other non-current liabilities		5,862			3,147			-
Income tax payable		4,296			9,820			(788	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(114,964	)		(60,239	)		(34,203	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from principal repayments of financing receivable		925,951			109,103			-
Payments to provide financing receivable		(748,725	)		(5	)		-
Proceeds from sale of trading securities		7,973			-			-
Proceeds from sale of equity investment with readily determinable fair values		-			8,432			-

F-11

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(In thousands of US dollars)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Proceeds from sale of equity method investments		94,604			-			-
Proceeds from sales of equity investments without readily determinable fair values		32,726			4,585			-
Proceeds from capital withdrawal from equity method investees		148			1,098			-
Proceeds from disposition of Renren SNS		-			-			6,090
Proceeds from repayment of the note issued by OPI		-			-			9,564
Purchase of trading securities		(7,653	)		-			-
Purchase of equity method investments, call option and warrant		(4,940	)		-			-
Purchase of equity investments without readily determinable fair values		(5,673	)		(256	)		-
Purchase of long-term available-for-sale investments		(3,000	)		(650	)		-
Purchase of short-term investments		-			-			(1,436	)
Proceeds from disposal of equipment and property		63			60,388			111
Purchases of equipment and property		(135	)		(884	)		(480	)
Cash disposed of from deconsolidation of subsidiaries		(1,179	)		-			(343)
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired		(23,305	)		(9,454	)		-
Loan to related parties		(11,113	)		-			-
Proceeds from repayment of related party loans		8,871			-			-
Loans to third parties		(2,220	)		(1,513	)		-
Proceeds from repayment of third party loans		892			-			4,086

Net cash provided by investing activities		263,285			170,844			17,592

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from exercise of share options		262			526			8
Proceeds from investors		1,580,544			57,767			-
Payment to investors		(1,688,655	)		(193,502	)		-
Proceeds from convertible loans issued by Kaixin		-			-			21,000
Proceeds from the issuance of units by KAH		-			-			7,500
Cash acquired in the reverse recapitalization		-			-			6
Repayment of borrowings		(68,025	)		(119,000	)		(82,214	)
Cash distribution to shareholders related to acquisition of OPI		-			(168,983	)		-
Proceeds from short-term borrowings		65,859			71,140			28,654
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		26,639			87,000			-
Advance from KAH's non-controlling Shareholder		-			-			1,600
Capital injection by noncontrolling shareholders		16,263			10,873			-

Net cash used in financing activities		(67,113	)		(254,179	)		(23,446	)

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		81,208			(143,574	)		(40,057	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		110,084			201,923			57,513
Effect of exchange rate changes		10,631			(836	)		466

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	$	201,923		$	57,513		$	17,922

Supplemental schedule of cash flows information:
Interest paid		10,729		$	8,290		$	2,275
Income taxes paid	$	180		$	1		$	254

F-12

RENREN INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(In thousands of US dollars)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Schedule of non-cash activities:
Contingent consideration	$	62,493	$	14,113	$	-
Reclassification from liability to equity for contingent consideration		-		-		20,849
Beneficial conversion feature of a convertible loan issued by Kaixin						2,128
Conversion of convertible loans issued by Kaixin to KAH’s ordinary shares, including interest of $219		-		-		21,219
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest						1,512
Net assets disposal of a dealership		-		-		62
Net liabilities acquired in the reverse recapitalization, excluding cash acquired		-		-		5,053
Increase in equity method investments through the settlement of amount due from a related party		-		-		600
Receivable from disposition of Renren SNS		-		60,000		-
Acquisition of business settled by forgiveness of financing receivable		21,201		1,428		-
Acquisition of entity through settlement of long-term investments		5,787		-		-
Acquisition of entity through settlement of loan to a related party	$	200	$	-	$	-

In addition to the above, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company had $60 million and $500 million of non-cash activities related to the disposal of the Company’s SNS Business and Oak Pacific Investment (“OPI”). See Note 4.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-13

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

Renren Inc. was incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Renren Inc, its consolidated subsidiaries, variable interest entities ("VIEs") and VIEs' subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the "Company") are primarily engaged in the business of used car trading which represents the majority of the Company's revenue and its SaaS business, which includes all-in-one real estate solution provider, Chime. Prior to 2018, the Company was also engaged in the operation of its social networking internet platform ("SNS") through which it provided online advertising services and internet value-added services ("IVAS") as well as the operation of a financial services platform to provide internet finance services. During the years ended December 31, 2017, the Company gradually stopped providing its internet finance services to focus on its used car business. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company disposed of its SNS business as well as of OPI as further described below.

Disposal of SNS business

In December 2018, the Company disposed all of its tangible and intangibles assets related to www.renren.com and its related SNS business. The disposal of its SNS business represented a strategic shift and had a major effect on the Company's results of operations. Accordingly, revenues and expenses and cash flows related to the SNS business have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations for all periods presented. The consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been adjusted to reflect this change. Refer to Note 4 for further details.

Disposal of Oak Pacific Investment ("OPI")

On April 30, 2018, the Company announced a series of transactions that included a cash dividend by the Company and a private placement by its subsidiary OPI. The OPI transaction was undertaken to reduce the number and aggregate size of the Company's long-term investments. At the time of the disposal, OPI held the Company's ZenZone advertising agency business as well as the majority of the Company's long-term investments. The private placement closed on June 21, 2018 and the Company completed the payment of the special cash dividend shortly thereafter. As a result, the Company deconsolidated OPI on June 21, 2018. The disposal of OPI represented a strategic shift and had a major effect on the Company's results of operations. Accordingly, revenues and expenses and cash flows related to OPI have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations for all periods presented. The consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been adjusted to reflect this change. Refer to Note 4 for further details.

The Kaixin Offering

On November 2, 2018, Kaixin Auto Group ("Kaixin"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Renren Inc, Kaixin Auto Holdings ("KAH"), a blank check company formed for the purpose of entering into a merger with one or more businesses and listed on the NASDAQ stock market (formerly called CM Seven Star Acquisition Corporation) and Renren Inc. agreed to a reverse merger under the terms of a definitive share exchange agreement (the "Merger"). Pursuant to a series of transactions that closed on April 30, 2019, KAH acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Kaixin from Renren in exchange for an initial consideration of approximately 25 million KAH shares upon the consummation of the Merger. The transaction resulted in Renren Inc. acquiring a controlling interest of KAH and the decrease in Renren Inc’s ownership interest in Kaixin from 100% to 69% upon the consummation of the Merger. The Merger resulted in the separate listing of Kaixin on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol KXIN. The transaction was accounted for as an equity transaction, and no gain or loss was recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest was adjusted to reflect the change in Renren Inc’s ownership interest in Kaixin.

Additionally, 3.3 million indemnification shares were issued by KAH and held in escrow. Renren may be entitled to receive such shares if it meets the indemnification condition from May 1, 2019 to April 30, 2021.

Further, 19.5 million earnout shares were issued by KAH and held in escrow. Renren may be entitled to receive earnout shares as follows: (1) if KAH’s gross revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 is greater than or equal to RMB5 billion, Renren is entitled to receive 1,950,000 ordinary shares of KAH; (2) if KAH’s adjusted EBITDA as defined in the definitive share exchange agreement for the year ended December 31, 2019 is greater than or equal to RMB150 million, Renren is entitled to receive 3,900,000 ordinary shares of KAH, increasing proportionally to 7,800,000 ordinary shares if KAH’s adjusted EBITDA is greater than or equal to RMB200 million; and (3) if KAH’s adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 is greater than or equal to RMB340 million, Renren is entitled to receive 4,875,000 ordinary shares of KAH, increasing proportionally to 9,750,000 ordinary shares if KAH’s adjusted EBITDA is greater than or equal to RMB480 million.

Notwithstanding the Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA achieved by KAH for any period, Renren will receive the 2019 earnout shares if the stock price of KAH is higher than $13.00 for any sixty days in any period of ninety consecutive trading days during an fifteen month period following the closing, and will receive the 2019 earnout shares and the 2020 earnout shares if the stock price of KAH is higher than $13.50 for any sixty days in any period of ninety consecutive trading days during a thirty month period following the closing.

The earnout shares will be cancelled if they are not transferred to Renren pursuant to the earnout provisions by October 2021. As of December 31, 2019, the operating results of KAH or the stock price did not meet the above conditions for the earnout shares.

On January 28, 2019, Kaixin, KAH and Kunlun Tech Limited (“Kunlun”), entered into a convertible loan agreement. According to the agreement, Kunlun advanced US$20 million to Kaixin on January 28, 2019, which is subject to an annual interest rate stipulated by the Peoples Bank of China for the corresponding period, which is at 4.35% as of January 28, 2019. If there was a closing of the Merger before May 31, 2019, the interest would be waived and the US$20 million loan would be automatically converted into KAH’s units (“Unit”) at the closing date at a price of US$10.00 per Unit. Each Unit represents one ordinary share of KAH, one half of a redeemable warrant of KAH with a striking price of US$11.50 (“Warrant”), and a right to 1/10 of an ordinary share of KAH (“Right”). The USD20 million would become due if the Merger could not be closed by May 31, 2019.

The Company assessed the contingent conversion feature and determined that this feature did not meet the definition of a derivative instrument because the settlement terms involved the gross delivery of the underlying securities, which were not readily convertible to cash. The Company then assessed whether the beneficial conversion feature guidance was applicable and concluded the convertible loan contains a contingent beneficial conversion feature. Upon the closing of the Merger, the contingency was resolved and the convertible loan, which consists of $20,000 principal and $219 accrued interest, was automatically converted into 2,000,000 Units. Accordingly, a contingent beneficial conversion feature of $2,128 was recognized as additional interest expense, which represents the difference between the conversion price and the fair value of the KAH’s ordinary share, one half of a warrant and a right on the commitment date.

On April 25, 2019, Kaixin, KAH and 58.com Holdings Inc. (58.com) entered into a convertible loan, pursuant to which 58.com agreed to advance $1 million to Kaixin, which is subject to an annual interest rate stipulated by the Peoples Bank of China for the corresponding period, which is at 4.35% % as of April 25, 2019. If there was a closing of the Merger before May 31, 2019, the interest would be waived and the US$1 million loan would be automatically converted into KAH’s ordinary shares at a price of US$10.00 per share. Upon the closing of the Merger, 58.com remitted the $1 million to Kaixin, was automatically converted into 100,000 ordinary shares of KAH. The conversion feature is not bifurcated due to its indexed to KAH’s own stock and there was no beneficial conversion feature.

At the closing of the Merger, KAH issued 750,000 units to E&A Callet Investment Limited (“E&A Callet”) for US$7,500, which consists of 750,000 KAH’s ordinary shares, 375,000 Warrants, and Rights that converted into 75,000 KAH’s ordinary shares at the same time.

F-14

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

As of December 31, 2019, Renren Inc.'s major subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries are as follows:

	Later of date		Percentage of
	of incorporation	Place of	legal ownership
Name of Subsidiaries	or acquisition	incorporation	by Renren Inc.			Principal activities
Subsidiaries:
Chime Technologies, Inc.	September 7, 2012	USA		100	%	SaaS business
Trucker Path Inc.	December 28, 2017	USA		100	%	Internet business
Lucrativ Inc.	January 22, 2018	USA		100	%	SaaS business
Lofty US, Inc.	December 21, 2018	USA		100	%	SaaS business
Renren Giantly Philippines Inc.	March, 2018	Philippines		100	%	SaaS business
Qianxiang Shiji Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd. ("Qianxiang Shiji")	March 21, 2005	PRC		100	%	Investment holding
Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Co., Ltd	August 18, 2017	PRC		69	%	Investment holding

F-15

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

	Later of date		Percentage of
	of incorporation	Place of	legal ownership		Principal
Name of Subsidiaries	or acquisition	incorporation	by Renren Inc.		activities

Variable Interest Entities:
Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd. ("Qianxiang Tiancheng")	October 28, 2002	PRC		N/A	Internet business

Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd. ("Shanghai Changda")	October 25, 2010	PRC		N/A	Automobile business
Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. ("Shanghai Jieying")	Feburay 27, 2017	PRC		N/A	Automobile business

Subsidiaries of Variable Interest Entities:
Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd. ("Qianxiang Wangjing")	November 11, 2008	PRC		N/A	Internet business

Beijing Kirin Wings Technology Development Co., Ltd.	January 16, 2013	PRC		N/A	Internet business
Jieying Baolufeng Automobile Sales (Shenyang) Co., Ltd.	June 14, 2017	PRC		N/A	Automobile business
Chongqing Jieying Shangyue Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	July 3, 2017	PRC		N/A	Automobile business
Jiangsu Jieying Ruineng Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	May 16, 2017	PRC		N/A	Automobile business
Dalian Yiche Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	June 27, 2017	PRC		N/A	Automobile business
Henan Jieying Hengxin Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	June 29, 2017	PRC		N/A	Automobile business
Shanxi Jieying Weilan Automobile Sales and Service Co., Ltd.	March 13, 2018	PRC		N/A	Automobile business

F-16

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

	Later of date		Percentage of
	of incorporation	Place of	legal ownership	Principal
Name of Subsidiaries	or acquisition	incorporation	by Renren Inc.	activities
Shandong Jieying Huaqi Automobile Service Co., Ltd.	July 20, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Neimenggu Jieying Kaihang Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	July 14, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Hangzhou Jieying Yifeng Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	August 1, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Jilin Jieying Taocheguan Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	October 31, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Suzhou Jieying Chemaishi Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	October 27, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Cangzhou Jieying Bole Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	August 10, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Shanghai Jieying Diyi Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	October 19, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Ningxia Jieying Xianzhi Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	July 26, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business
Wuhan Jieying Chimei Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	November 20, 2017	PRC	N/A	Automobile business

F-17

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements

PRC regulations currently limit direct foreign ownership of business entities providing automobile sales, value-added telecommunications services, online advertising services and internet services in the PRC where certain licenses are required for the provision of such services. To comply with these PRC regulations, the Company conducts substantially all of its businesses through the VIE, Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda, as well as their respective subsidiaries. Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda are mainly engaged in the used car trading business. Historically, the Company provided online advertising, IVAS and internet finance services through the VIE, Qianxiang Tiancheng. Shanghai Jieying, Shanghai Changda and Qianxiang Tiancheng are collectively referred to as the “VIEs”.

Qianxiang Shiji ("WFOE"), and Shanghai Renren Automotive Technology Co., Ltd, or Shanghai Automotive ("WFOE") (collectively referred to as the “WOFEs”), entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIEs that enable the Company to (1) have power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIEs, and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIEs that could be significant to the VIEs. Accordingly, the WOFEs are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and has consolidated the VIEs' financial results of operations, assets and liabilities in the Company's consolidated financial statements. In making the conclusion that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs, the Company believes the Company's rights under the terms of the exclusive option agreement and power of attorney are substantive given the substantive participating rights held by SB Pan Pacific Corporation as it relates to operating matters, which provide it with a substantive kick out right.

More specifically, the Company believes the terms of the contractual agreements are valid, binding and enforceable under PRC laws and regulations currently in effect. In particular the Company also believes that the minimum amount of consideration permitted by the applicable PRC law to exercise the exclusive option does not represent a financial barrier or disincentive for the Company to currently exercise its rights under the exclusive option agreement. A simple majority vote of the Company's board of directors is required to pass a resolution to exercise the Company's rights under the exclusive option agreement, for which the consent from Mr. Joe Chen, who holds the most voting interests in the Company and is also the Company's chairman and CEO, is not required. The Company's rights under the exclusive option agreement give the Company the power to control the shareholders of the VIEs and thus the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance. In addition, the Company's rights under the powers of attorney also reinforce the Company's abilities to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance. The Company also believes that this ability to exercise control ensures that the VIEs will continue to execute and renew service agreements and pay service fees to the Company. By charging service fees at the sole discretion of the Company, and by ensuring that service agreements are executed and renewed indefinitely, the Company has the rights to receive substantially all of the economic benefits from the VIEs.

F-18

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

The VIEs and their subsidiaries hold the requisite licenses and permits necessary to conduct the Company's business under the current business arrangements.

The contractual agreements below provide the Company with the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIEs and enable the Company to receive substantially all of economic benefits and absorb the losses of the VIEs.

(1)

Power of Attorney: WFOEs hold irrevocable power of attorney executed by the legal owners of the VIEs to exercise their voting rights on, including but not limited to dividend declaration, all matters at meetings of the legal owners of the VIEs and through such power of attorney has the right to control the operations of the VIEs. The power of attorney for Qianxiang Tiancheng will remain in force for ten years until December 22, 2020, and will be automatically renewed upon the extension of the terms of the relevant business operations agreements until the earlier of the following events: (i) nominee loses his/her position in Qianxiang Shiji or Qianxiang Shiji issue a written notice to dismiss or replace nominee; and (ii) the business operations agreements among Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng and Qianxiang Tiancheng's shareholders terminate or expire. The power of attorney for Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda became effective on August 18, 2017 and will remain effective as long as Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda exist. The shareholders of Shanghai Jieying or Shanghai Changda do not have the right to terminate or revoke the power of attorney without the prior written consent of Shanghai Automotive.

(2)

Business Operations Agreement: The business operations agreements specifically and explicitly grant WFOEs the principal operating decision making rights, such as appointment of the directors and executive management, of the VIEs.

The terms of the business operations agreements for Qianxiang Tiancheng, Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda are ten years and will be extended automatically for another ten years unless the WFOEs provide a 30-day advance written notice to the VIEs and to each of the VIEs' shareholders requesting not to extend the term three months prior to the expiration dates of December 22, 2020, August 17, 2027 and August 17, 2027, respectively. Neither the VIEs nor any of the VIEs' shareholders may terminate the agreements during the terms or the extensions of the terms.

F-19

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

(3)

Exclusive Equity Option Agreement: Under the exclusive equity option agreement, the WFOEs have the exclusive right to purchase the equity interests of the VIEs from the registered legal equity owners as far as PRC regulations permit a transfer of legal ownership to foreign ownership. The WFOEs can exercise the purchase right at any portion and any time in the 10-year agreement period.

Without the WFOE's consent, the VIEs' shareholders shall not transfer, donate, pledge, or otherwise dispose their equity shareholdings in the VIEs in any way. The equity option agreement will remain in full force and effect until the earlier of: (i) the date on which all of the equity interests in the VIEs have been acquired by the respective WFOE or its designated representative(s); or (ii) the receipt of the 30-day advance written termination notice issued by the respective WFOE to the shareholders of the VIEs. The term of these agreements will be automatically renewed upon the extension of the term of the relevant exclusive equity option agreement.

(4)

Spousal Consent Agreement: The spouse of each of the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng acknowledged that certain equity interests of Qianxiang Tiancheng held by and registered in the name of his/her spouse will be disposed of pursuant to the equity option agreements. These spouses understand that such equity interests are held by their respective spouse on behalf of Qianxiang Shiji, and they will not take any action to interfere with the disposition of such equity interests, including, without limitation, claiming that such equity interests constitute communal property of marriage.

The spouse of each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda acknowledged that certain equity interests of Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda, held by and registered in the name of his/her spouse would be disposed of pursuant to the loan agreement, equity option agreement and equity interest pledge agreement of which they were respectively a party, and they will not take any action to interfere with such arrangement, including claiming that such equity interests constitute property or communal property between his/her spouse and himself/herself.

F-20

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

(5)

Exclusive Technical and Consulting Services Agreement: The WFOEs and registered shareholders irrevocably agree that the WFOEs shall be the exclusive technology service provider to the VIEs in return for a service fee which is determined at the sole discretion of the WFOEs.

The term of each of agreement is ten years and will be extended automatically for another ten years unless terminated by the WFOEs. The WFOEs can terminate the agreement at any time by providing a 30-day prior written notice. Qianxiang Tiancheng, Shanghai Jieying and Shanghai Changda are not permitted to terminate the agreements prior to the expiration of the terms by December 22, 2020, August 17, 2027 and August 17, 2027, respectively, unless the WFOEs fail to comply with any of their obligations under this agreement and such breach makes the WFOEs unable to continue to perform the agreements.

(6)

Intellectual Property License Agreement: The WFOEs and registered shareholders agree that the WFOEs shall have the exclusive right to license its intellectual property rights to the VIEs in return for a license fee. The license fee is determined at the discretion of the Company. The term of these agreements will be automatically renewed upon the extension of the term of the relevant intellectual property license agreement.

The term of the agreement will be extended for another five years with both parties' consents. The WFOEs may terminate the agreement at any time by providing a 30-day prior written notice. Any party may terminate the agreement immediately with written notice to the other party if the other party materially breaches the relevant agreement and fails to cure its breach within 30 days from the date it receives the written notice specifying its breach from the non-breaching party. The parties will review the agreement every three months and determine if any amendment is needed.

(7)

Loan Agreements: Under loan agreements between the WFOEs and each of the shareholders of the VIEs, the WFOEs made interest-free loans to the shareholders exclusively for the purpose of the initial capitalization and the subsequent financial needs of the VIEs. The loans can only be repaid with the proceeds derived from the sale of all of the equity interests in the VIEs to the WFOEs or their designated representatives pursuant to the equity option agreements. The term of each of these loans is ten years from the actual drawing down of such loans by the shareholders of the VIEs, and will be automatically extended for another ten years unless a written notice to the contrary is given by the WFOEs to the shareholders of the VIEs three months prior to the expiration of the loan agreements.

F-21

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

(8)

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement: Shareholders of the VIEs have pledged all of their equity interests in the VIEs with their respective WFOEs and the WFOEs are entitled to certain rights to sell the pledged equity interests through auction or other means if the VIEs or the shareholders default in their obligations under other above-stated agreements.

These agreements are substantially the same, and that the equity interest pledge has become effective and will expire on the earlier of: (i) the date on which the VIEs and their shareholders have fully performed their obligations under the loan agreements, the exclusive technical service agreement, the intellectual property right license agreement and the equity option agreements; (ii) the enforcement of the pledge by the WFOEs pursuant to the terms and conditions under this agreement to fully satisfy its rights under such agreements; or (iii) the completion of the transfer of all equity interests of the VIEs by the shareholders of the VIEs to another individual or legal entity designated by the WFOEs pursuant to the equity option agreement and no equity interests of the VIEs are held by such shareholders.

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

The Company and the Company's legal counsel believe that Qianxiang Shiji's and Shanghai Automotive's contractual arrangements with the VIEs are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company's ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. If the legal structure and contractual arrangements were found to be in violation of PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government could:

	·	Revoke the business and operating licenses of the WFOEs, the VIEs and their subsidiaries;
	·	Discontinue or restrict the operations of any related-party transactions among the WFOEs, the VIEs and their subsidiaries;
	·	Impose fines or other requirements on the WFOEs, the VIEs and their subsidiaries;
	·	Require the WFOEs, the VIEs and their subsidiaries to revise the relevant ownership structure or restructure operations; and/or
	·	Restrict or prohibit the Company's use of the proceeds of the additional public offering to finance the Company's business and operations in China.

F-22

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

The Company's ability to conduct its used car trading business may be negatively affected if the PRC government were to carry out any of the aforementioned actions. As a result, the Company may not be able to consolidate the VIEs and the VIEs' subsidiaries in its consolidated financial statements as it may lose the ability to exert effective control over the VIEs and the VIEs' subsidiaries and shareholders, and it may lose the ability to receive economic benefits from the VIEs and the VIEs' subsidiaries.

Certain shareholders of the VIEs are also shareholders of the Company. The interests of the shareholders of the VIEs may diverge from that of the Company and that may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual terms, for example by influencing the VIEs not to pay the service fees when required to do so. The Company cannot assure that when conflicts of interest arise, shareholders of the VIEs will act in the best interests of the Company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in the Company's favor. Currently, the Company does not have existing arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest the shareholders of the VIEs may encounter in their capacity as beneficial owners and directors of the VIEs. The Company believes the shareholders of the VIEs will not act contrary to any of the contractual arrangements and the exclusive option agreements provide the Company with a mechanism to remove the current shareholders of the VIEs as beneficial shareholders of the VIEs should they act to the detriment of the Company. The Company relies on the current shareholders of VIEs whom also are directors and executive officers of the Company, to fulfill their fiduciary duties and abide by laws of Cayman Islands and act in the best interest of the Company or that conflicts will be resolved in the Company’s favor. If the Company cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between the Company and the shareholders of the VIEs, the Company would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of its business, and there is substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The Company's ability to control the VIEs also depends on the power of attorney that the WFOEs have to vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIEs. As noted above, the Company believes this power of attorney is legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.

F-23

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

The following financial statement balances and amounts of the Company’s VIEs were included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions between the offshore companies, WFOEs, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the balance of the amounts payable by the VIEs and their subsidiaries to the WFOEs related to the service fees were $ nil.

	As of December 31,
	2018		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,363	$	1,344
Short-term investment		-		1,436
Accounts receivable, net		2,215		421
Inventory		57,859		20,598
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		46,247		28,620
Amounts due from related parties		20,008		688


Total current assets		135,692		53,107

Property and equipment, net		489		329
Long-term investments		1,900		1,799
Goodwill		64,364		-
Amount due from a related party – non-current		40,000		40,000
Restricted cash – non-current		363		358
Right-of-use assets		-		2,813
Other non-current assets		747		660

Total non-current assets		107,863		45,959

Total assets	$	243,555	$	99,066

Accounts payable	$	6,849	$	4,448
Short-term debt (including short-term debt of the consolidated VIEs with recourse to Renren Inc. of $7,900 as of December 31, 2019)		29,816		18,077
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		19,135		22,859
Operating lease liabilities - current		-		1,441
Payable to investors		15		14
Amounts due to related parties		28		774
Deferred revenue		3,099		15
Contingent consideration		11,929		-
Income tax payable		10,920		9,116

Total current liabilities		81,791		56,744

Long-term contingent consideration		88,098		-
Operating lease liabilities - non-current		-		810

Total non-current liabilities		88,098		810

Total liabilities	$	169,889	$	57,554

F-24

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES – continued

The VIE arrangements - continued

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019

Revenues	$	153,759		$	486,388		$	339,210
Loss from continuing operations	$	(19,250	)	$	(82,304	)	$	(74,104	)
Loss from discontinued operations	$	(22,995	)	$	(5,220	)	$	-

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019

Net cash used in operating activities	$	(146,911	)	$	(14,403	)	$	(5,118)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	22,943		$	(11,441	)	$	8,667
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	37,208		$	27,018		$	(11,545)

The VIEs contributed an aggregate of 88.1%, 97.6% and 97.0% of the consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the VIEs accounted for an aggregate of 55.7% and 43.8%, respectively, of the consolidated total assets, and 66.3% and 56.2%, respectively, of the consolidated total liabilities. The assets not associated with the VIEs primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, amounts due from related parties - non-current, and long-term investments.

There are no consolidated VIEs' assets that are collateral for the VIEs' obligations and can only be used to settle the VIEs' obligations. There are no creditors (or beneficial interest holders) of the VIEs that have recourse to the general credit of the Company or any of its consolidated subsidiaries. There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests, which require the Company or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIEs. However, if the VIEs ever need financial support, the Company or its subsidiaries may, at its option and subject to statutory limits and restrictions, provide financial support to its VIEs through loans to the shareholders of the VIEs or entrustment loans to the VIEs.

Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the VIEs from transferring a portion of its net assets, equivalent to the balance of its statutory reserve and its share capital, to the Company in the form of loans and advances or cash dividends. Please refer to Note 25 for disclosure of restricted net assets.

F-25

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a)

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP").

(b)

Going concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company incurred a loss from operations of $107,484 and negative cashflows from operating activities of $34,203. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had net current liabilities (current assets less current liabilities) of $25,398, an accumulated deficit of $614,830. As of June 30, 2020, short-term debt of $718 was at default and not repaid. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and the Company’s ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements. These factors raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern.

In March 2020, the Company received $4 million from OPI as payment of receivables due from OPI, and in April 2020, loan of $11 million, originally due in April 2020 was extended by East West Bank to September 30, 2020. The Company intends to raise financing for its automobile sales business and control the operating expenses. However, the Company currently does not have any commitments to obtain financing. Additionally, the potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact the Company’s ability to raise the financing. If cash resources are insufficient to satisfy the Company’s on-going cash requirements, the Company will need to scale back or discontinue some or all of its operations. The financial statements included herein do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Group be unable to continue as a going concern. If the going concern basis were not appropriate for these financial statements, adjustments would be necessary in the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used.

F-26

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(c)

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the financial statements of Renren Inc., its subsidiaries, its VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.

(d)

Business combinations

Business combinations are recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. The Company uses a screen test to evaluate whether a transaction should be accounted for as an acquisition and/or disposal of a business versus assets. In order for a purchase to be considered an acquisition of a business, the set of transferred assets and activities must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. If substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, then the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business.

The purchase price of business acquisition is allocated to the tangible assets, liabilities, identifiable intangible assets acquired and non-controlling interest, if any, based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs are expensed as incurred.

Where the consideration in an acquisition includes contingent consideration and the payment of which depends on the achievement of certain specified conditions post-acquisition, the contingent consideration is recognized and measured at its fair value at the acquisition date and if recorded as a liability, it is subsequently carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. If the classification of the contingent consideration changes as a result of events during the period, the contingent consideration is reclassified as of the date of the event that caused the reclassification. If the contingent consideration is reclassified from a liability to equity, gains or losses recorded to account for the arrangement at fair value during the period in which it was classified as a liability is not reversed.

(e)

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, allowance for financing receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts, write downs for excess and obsolete inventories, the discount rate used to determine the present value of the lease payments, the fair value of share-based compensation awards, the realization of deferred income tax assets, impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, fair value of short-term and long-term investments, impairment of long-term investments, and the price purchase allocation and the fair value of contingent consideration for business acquisitions.

(f)

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments purchased with original stated maturity of 90 days or less.

F-27

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(g)

Restricted cash

Restricted cash consists of cash deposits used to secure debt borrowings of the Company which is expected to be released in accordance with the debt agreement.

The restriction will lapse when the related debt agreement is paid off. The current portion of restricted cash represents cash deposited into bank accounts which is expected to be released within the next twelve months. The non-current portion of restricted cash represents cash deposited into bank accounts which is not expected to be released within the next twelve months.

	As of December 31,
	2018		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	15,333	$	4,473
Restricted cash		5,818		13,091
Restricted cash – non-current		36,362		358
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statements of cash flow	$	57,513	$	17,922

(h)

Fair value

Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

Authoritative literature provides a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement as follows:

Level 1-inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets.

Level 2-inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3-inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management's estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques that include option pricing models, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques.

(i)

Investments

Equity method investments

Equity investment in common stock or in-substance common stock of an entity where the Company can exercise significant influence, but not control, is accounted for using the equity method. Significant influence is generally considered to exist when the Company has an ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee between 20% and 50%. Other factors, such as representation on the investee’s board of directors, voting rights and the impact of commercial arrangements are also considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. An investment in in-substance common stock is an investment in an entity that has risk and reward characteristics that are substantially similar to that entity’s common stock. The Company considers subordination, risks and rewards of ownership and obligation to transfer value when determining whether an investment in an entity is substantially similar to an investment in that entity’s common stock.

F-28

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(i)

Investments - continued

Equity method investments - continued

Under the equity method, the investment is initially recorded at cost and adjusted for the Company's share of undistributed earnings or losses of the investee. Investment losses are recognized until the investment is fully written down as the Company does not guarantee the investee's obligations nor it is committed to provide additional funding.

When the Company's carrying value in an equity method affiliated company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company's consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the affiliated company or has committed additional funding. When the affiliated company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it exceeds the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.

The Company’s management regularly evaluates the impairment of the equity investment based on performance and the financial position of the investee as well as other evidence of market value. Such evaluation includes, but is not limited to, reviewing the investee's cash position, recent financings, projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs. An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying amount of the investment exceeds its fair value and this condition is determined to be other-than-temporary ("OTTI"). The Company recorded impairment losses on equity method investments of $nil, $nil and $6,155 in the earnings (loss) in equity method investments, net of tax in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Equity Investments without Readily Determinable Fair Values

Historically, for investee companies over which the Company did not have significant influence and a controlling interest, the Company accounted for these as cost method investments under ASC 325-20. In January, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (‘‘ASU’’) 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, and accounts for equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value using the measurement alternative prescribed within ASU 2016-01, to the extent such investments are not subject to consolidation or the equity method. Under the measurement alternative, these financial instruments are carried at cost, less any impairment (assessed quarterly), plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. In addition, income is recognized when dividends are received only to the extent they are distributed from net accumulated earnings of the investee. Otherwise, such distributions are considered returns of investment and are recorded as a reduction of the cost of the investment. The Company did not record impairment losses on equity securities without readily determinable fair values during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-29

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(i)

Investments - continued

Equity Investments with Readily Determinable Fair Values

All equity investments with readily determinable fair values (other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting) are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Prior to January 1, 2018, those investments were accounted as available-for-sale investments with changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive income (loss).

Available-for-sale investment

For investments which are determined to be debt securities, the Company accounts for them as available-for-sale investments when they are not classified as either trading or held-to-maturity investments.

Available-for-sale investment is carried at its fair value and the unrealized gains or losses from the changes in fair values are included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.

The Company reviews its available-for-sale investments for other than temporary impairment based on the specific identification method. The Company considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence in evaluating potential impairment of its investments. If the cost of an investment exceeds the investment’s fair value, the Company considers, among other factors, general market conditions, government economic plans, the duration and the extent to which the fair value of the investment is less than the cost, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment, and the financial condition and near term prospects of the investees.

If there is OTTI on debt securities, the Company separates the amount of the OTTI into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings, which represents the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and the discounted present value of expected future cash flows. The amount due to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income if the entity neither intends to sell and will not more likely than not be required to sell the security before recovery. The difference between the amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected is accreted as interest income. The Company recorded impairment losses on its available-for-sale investment of $nil, $nil and $2,000 in impairment of long-term investments in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(j)

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable represents those receivables derived in the ordinary course of business. An allowance for doubtful accounts is provided based on aging analyses of accounts receivable balances, historical bad debt rates, repayment patterns and customer credit worthiness.

F-30

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(k)

Financing receivable

Financing receivable represents receivables derived from the internet finance business. Financing receivable is recorded at amortized cost, reduced by a valuation allowance estimated as of the balance sheet date. The amortized cost of a financing receivable is equal to the unpaid principal balance, plus net deferred origination costs. Net deferred origination costs are comprised of certain direct origination costs, net of origination fees received. Origination fees include fees charged to the individuals or companies that increase the financing’s effective yield. Direct origination costs in excess of origination fees received are included in the financing receivable and amortized over the financing term using the effective interest method. Financing origination costs are limited to direct costs attributable to originating the financing, including commissions and personnel costs directly related to the time spent by those individuals performing activities related to the origination.

(l)

Allowance for financing receivable

An allowance for financing receivable is established through periodic charges to the provision for financing receivable losses when the Company believes that the future collection of principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are recorded as credits against the allowance. The Company evaluates the creditworthiness of its portfolio based on a pooled basis due to the composition of homogeneous financing with similar size and general credit risk characteristics for similar financing businesses. The Company considers the credit worthiness of the individuals and the companies receiving financing, aging of the outstanding financing receivable and other specific circumstances related to the financing when determining the allowance for financing receivable. The allowance is subjective as it requires material estimates including such factors as known and inherent risks in the financing portfolio, adverse situation that may affect the ability of the individuals and the companies receiving financing to repay and current economic conditions. Recovery of the carrying value of financing receivable is dependent to a great extent on conditions that are beyond the Company’s control. The Company recorded provision for all the remaining financing receivables of $2,017 in 2019.

(m)

Nonaccrual financing receivable

Financing income is calculated based on the contractual rate of the financing and recorded as financing income over the life of the financing using the effective interest method. Financing receivables are placed on non-accrual status upon reaching 90 days past due for these arising from financing for installment sales and apartment rental financing, or when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of the financing receivable. When a financing receivable is placed on non-accrual status, the Company stops accruing financing income. Financing receivable is returned to accrual status if the related individual or company has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and, in the Company’s judgment, will continue to make period principal and financing income payments as scheduled. The Company writes off its nonaccrual financing receivable by considering factors including (i) death of the borrower; or (ii) its inability to reach the borrower.

F-31

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(n)

Transfer of financial instruments

Sales and transfers of financial instruments are accounted under authoritative guidance for the transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishment of liabilities.

Through the peer-to-peer platforms, the Company identifies individual investors and transfers creditors’ rights originated from the aforementioned financing services to the individual investors. The Company further offers different investment periods to investors with various annual interest rates while those credit rights are held by the investors. The term of the sales requires the Company to repurchase those creditors’ rights from investors prior to or upon the maturity of the investment period. As a result, the sales of those creditors’ rights are not accounted for as a sale and remain on the consolidated balance sheet and are recorded as payable to investors in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

(o)

Inventory

Inventory primarily consists of the purchased used and new automobiles. Inventory cost is determined by specific identification. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price less costs to complete, dispose and transport the vehicles. Selling prices are derived from historical data and trends, such as sales price and inventory turn times of similar vehicles, as well as independent, market resources. Each reporting period the Company recognizes any necessary adjustments to reflect vehicle inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value through cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Inventory write-downs are established based on management’s review on a vehicle-by-vehicle basis for slow moving and obsolete items. On a quarterly basis, the management examines an inventory report. The vehicle is considered slow moving if it has not been sold within a 90 days period since procurement. In estimating the level of inventory write-downs for slow moving vehicles, the Company considers historical data and forecasted customer demand, such as sales price and inventory turn times of similar vehicles with similar mileage and condition, as well as independent, market information. This valuation process requires management to make judgements, based on currently available information, and assumptions about future demand and market conditions, which are inherently uncertain. To the extent that there are significant changes to estimated vehicle selling prices or decreases in demand for used vehicles, there could be significant adjustment to reflect inventory at net realizable value. In addition, the Company writes down inventories to zero if they are lost or detained by non-controlling shareholders with disagreements.

In August 2018, Shandong Jieying Huaqi Auto Service Co. ("Ji’nan Dealership", a subsidiary of the Company's VIE's) received a notice from the local police regarding an investigation of the dealership's premises. Certain assets of Ji’nan Dealership are not accessible pursuant to the investigation. In connection with these events, the Company determined that it is probable that it cannot enforce the realization of the inventory value at the Ji’nan Dealership. As a result, the Company wrote off all inventory which totaled US$5.7 million and recorded it in cost of revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018.

In 2019, due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders on operational matters, some non-controlling shareholders detained the Company’s inventories in the dealerships and significant uncertainty arises on the realizability and collectability of the prepayments to purchase used cars for these dealerships and amounts due from these non-controlling shareholders. The Company is in the process of negotiating with these non-controlling shareholders and initiated legal proceedings where necessary. Considering the above facts and circumstances, the Company reassessed the realizability of all its inventory and assets related to its dealerships and wrote down US$17,826 inventory, which was recoded in cost of revenues, and write-offs of US$22,282 was recorded for prepayments, which was recorded in general and administrative.

(p)

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

Server & Network Equipment	3 years
Computer equipment and application software	2-3 years
Furniture and vehicles	3-5 years
Leasehold improvements	Over the lesser of the lease term or useful life of the assets

F-32

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(q)

Leases

The Company leases premises for offices under non-cancellable operating leases. Prior to January 1, 2019, operating leases were not recognized on the balance sheet of the Company, but payments made under operating lease were charged to the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the term of underlying lease. Leases with escalated rent provisions are recognized on a straight-line basis commencing with the beginning of the lease term. There is no capital improvement funding, lease concessions or contingent rent in the lease agreements. The Company has no legal or contractual asset retirement obligations at the end of the lease term.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) as of January 1, 2019, using a modified retrospective method for leases that exist at, or are entered into after, January 1, 2019, and has not recast the comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. The adoption of ASC 842 requires the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for both operating and finance leases. The Company elected the package of practical expedients that not to reassess: (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases. The Company also elected the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. Upon the adoption of ASC 842, the Company recognized the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of approximately US$8,582 and US$6,163, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The Company used its estimated incremental borrowing rates based on information available at the date of adoption in calculating the present value of its existing lease payments. The following table summarizes the effect on the consolidated balance sheet as a result of adopting ASC 842.

	As of December 31, 2018			Effect of Adoption			As of January 1, 2019

Right-of-use assets	$	-		$	8,582		$	8,582
Operating lease liabilities - current		-			(3,289	)		(3,289	)
Operating lease liabilities – non-current		-			(2,874	)		(2,874	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		49,515			(2,435	)		47,080
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		(33,055	)		16			(33,039	)

Upon adoption of ASC 842, the lease liabilities are recognized upon lease commencement for operating leases based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. As the rates implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rates at the lease commencement date are used in determining the imputed interest and present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rates were determined using a portfolio approach based on the rates of interest that the Company would have to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The Company recognizes the single lease cost on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term for operating leases.

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less; expenses for these leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(r) Intangible assets with indefinite lives

Intangible assets with indefinite lives mainly include trademark and licenses. If an intangible asset is determined to have an indefinite life, it is not be amortized until its useful life is determined to be no longer indefinite. An intangible asset that is not subject to amortization is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Such impairment test consists of comparing the fair values of assets and their carrying value amounts and an impairment loss is recognized if and when the carrying amounts exceed the fair values. The estimates of fair values of intangible assets not subject to amortization are determined using various discounted cash flow valuation methodologies. Significant assumptions are inherent in this process, including estimates of discount rates. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the respective intangible assets. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company did not record impairment loss for intangible assets with indefinite lives.

(s)

Impairment of long-lived assets and intangible assets with definite lives

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets, with determinable useful lives whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an intangible asset's carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company measures the carrying amount of long-lived asset against the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with it. Impairment exists when the sum of the expected undiscounted future net cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset being evaluated. Impairment loss is calculated as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. Fair value is estimated based on various valuation techniques, including the discounted value of estimated future cash flows. The evaluation of asset impairment requires the Company to make assumptions about future cash flows over the life of the asset being evaluated. These assumptions require significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company recorded impairment losses of $nil, $675 and $nil for definite-lived intangible assets, respectively.

F-33

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(t) Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations.

Goodwill is not amortized, but tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if event and circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. The Company has an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. In the qualitative assessment, the Company considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. Based on the qualitative assessment, if it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is performed.

The Company has adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, for annual goodwill impairment tests from January 1, 2019. This guidance removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required the estimation of an implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as the calculation of goodwill upon a business combination. Under the new amendments, the Company’s goodwill impairment review involves the following steps: 1) qualitative assessment – evaluate qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The factors the Company considers include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance or events-specific to that reporting unit. If or when the Company determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill, the Company would move to the quantitative method; 2) quantitative method –the Company performs the quantitative fair value test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach. This analysis requires significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, and assumptions that are consistent with the plans and estimates being used to manage the Company's business, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for the Company's business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of the Company's weighted average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment for the reporting unit.

The Company recorded goodwill impairment of $nil, $29,055 and $83,379 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-34

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(u)

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the good or service has been transferred to the customer, generally upon delivery to a customer. The contracts have a fixed contract price and revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The Company collect value added tax and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues and cost of revenues. The Company generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. These costs are recorded within selling expenses. The Company does not have any significant financing payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the point of sale.

The Company adopted the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. ASC 606 prescribes a five-step model that includes: (1) identify the contract; (2) identify the performance obligations; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied. Based on the manner in which the Company historically recognized revenue, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the amount or timing of its revenue recognition and the Company recorded no cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption. Additionally, the Company concluded that revenue generated from internet finance services is excluded from the scope of the new revenue standard as it represents revenue within the scope of ASC 310, Receivables, which is explicitly excluded from the scope of ASC 606.

The Company's revenues include revenue from its used car sales, revenue related to its finance services as well as revenue from other services.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company's revenues include revenue from its used car sales, revenue related to its finance services as well as revenue from other services. The following table illustrates the Company’s revenue disaggregated by segments:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Renren	$	21,931	$	19,122	$	15,086
Auto Group		152,693		479,076		334,697
Total	$	174,624	$	498,198	$	349,783

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by revenue types.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Automobile sales	$	121,084	$	467,232	$	332,634
Financing income		29,269		2,456		32
Other services		24,271		28,510		17,117
Total	$	174,624	$	498,198	$	349,783

Automobile sales

Revenues from automobile sales were generated by the Auto Group segment. The Company purchases automobiles from unrelated individuals, third party dealerships or manufacturers and suppliers and sells them directly to its customers through its local dealer shops. The prices of used vehicles are set forth in the customer contracts which are agreed prior to delivery. The Company satisfies its performance obligation for used vehicle sales upon delivery whereby customers pick up the vehicles from the dealer shops. The Company recognizes revenue at the agreed upon purchase price stated in the contract. When cash is received from customers prior to delivery of the vehicle, the Company records such cash as advance from customers, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, in its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

Financing services

The Company provided short-term financing services to used car dealers to fund the car dealers’ cash needs for used car purchasing. The financing period was no more than six months and was secured by a pledge of the dealers' used car with total value exceeding the principal of the financing. The Company charged an upfront service fee as well as financing income on a monthly basis. The Company recorded financing income and service fees related to those services over the life of the underlying financing using the effective interest method on the unpaid principal amounts. The service fees collected upfront, netting the direct origination costs of the financing, were deferred and recognized as financing income as an adjustment to the yield on a straight line basis over the life of the used car financing. Revenue related to used car financing services amounted to $25,399, $2,297 and $nil during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The remaining financing income in the respective periods related to crediting financing provided to college students as well as apartment rental financing, both of which were terminated during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenues from financing income were $29,269, $2,456 and $32, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, among which, $ nil, $ 139 and $32 were generated by the Renren segment, and the remaining financing income revenues were generated by the Auto Group segment, and the Company ceased the financing business since 2018.

F-35

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(u)

Revenue recognition - continued

Other services

Other services mainly include IVAS revenues, SaaS revenues and other revenues.

The Company’s IVAS revenues mainly include live streaming revenue. The Company designs, creates and offers various virtual items for sales to users with pre-determined stand-alone selling price. Revenue related to each of consumable virtual items as a single performance obligation provided on a consumption basis, is recognized at the point in time when the virtual item is transferred directly to the users and consumed by them.

The SaaS revenue mainly include the revenue generated from the subscription services provided by the all-in-one real estate solution provider, Chime, and a 360° real estate marketing and media service provider, Geographic Farming. The Company recognizes revenue for subscription services over the subscription periods.

The Company’s other revenues mainly include revenue generated from agency fees in connection with arrangement with third party dealers whereas the company facilitates sales of their cars. The Company does not control the ownership of the automobiles, but rather is acting as an agent for the third party dealers. Revenue is recognized for the net amount of commission the Company is entitled to retain in exchange for the agency service. Other revenues also include commissions received by the Company from insurance companies and banks for its facilitation services provided to assist customers obtaining related insurance and financing for their automobile purchases.

Revenues from other services were $24,271, $28,510 and $17,117, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, among which, $ 21,931, $ 18,983 and $ 15,086 were generated by the Renren segment, and the remaining other services revenues were generated by the Auto Group segment.

Contract balances

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable represents amounts invoiced and revenue recognized prior to invoicing when the Company has satisfied the Company’s performance obligation and has the unconditional right to payment. The balance of accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts were $2,635 and $264 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. There were no contract assets recorded as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

Deferred revenue mainly consists of payments received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations for SaaS and IVAS business. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s total deferred revenue was $3,716, of which $1,074 was recognized as revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company’s total deferred revenue was $750 as of December 31, 2019, which is expected to be recognized as revenue within one year. Advance from customers, which was recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, represent cash received from customers prior to delivery of the vehicle. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the advance from customers of $4,078 as of December 31, 2018 was recognized as revenue. The advance from customers of $1,677 as of December 31, 2019, which is expected to be recognized as revenue within one year.

The Company applied a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs include certain commissions paid to intermediaries of automobile sales. The Company has no material incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers that the Company expects the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year which need to be recognized as assets.

F-36

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(v)

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists of costs directly related to automobile sales, IVAS business and others as well as costs incurred related to the used car financing operations. Cost of revenue also includes allowances for financing receivable loss which amounted to $12,745, $10,802 and $2,017 during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(w)

Value added taxes

Value-added taxes ("VAT") is also reported as a deduction to revenue when incurred and amounted to $9,777, $15,796 and $2,933 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in accrued expense and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

In 2018 and 2019, the Company entered into a series of ancillary agreements to facilitate its sale of used cars for value-added tax optimization purposes. Under these ancillary agreements, when the Company sources a used car, the legal title of the car is transferred to an executive of the Company’s subsidiary and the registration is transferred to the name of one of the dealership employees. The Company viewed itself as a service provider in the used car transactions, and therefore is only subject to value-added tax on the difference between the original purchase price and the retail price of the used cars.

F-37

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(x)

Income taxes

Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities.

Deferred income taxes are recognized when temporary differences exist between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements and are recorded as non-current in the consolidated balance sheet. Net operating loss carry forwards and credits are applied using enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that a portion of or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return is recognized at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Interest and penalties on income taxes will be classified as a component of the provisions for income taxes. The Company did not recognize any income tax due to uncertain tax position or incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(y)

Financial instruments

Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, financing receivable, short-term investments, long-term investments, amounts due from/to related parties, long-term financing receivable, accounts payable, short-term debt, payable to investors and long-term debt. Refer to Note 18 for further details.

(z)

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses are primarily incurred for development of new services, features and products for the Company's internet finance business, used automotive business, as well as to further improve the Company's technology infrastructure to support these businesses. The Company has expensed all research and development costs when incurred.

F-38

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(aa)

Foreign currency translation

The functional and reporting currency of the Company is the United States dollar ("US dollar"). The financial records of the Company's subsidiaries and VIEs located in the PRC, Hong Kong and Philippines are maintained in their local currencies, Renminbi ("RMB"), Hong Kong Dollar ("HKD") and Philippines Peso (“PHP”), respectively, which are also the functional currencies of these entities.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency during the year are converted into functional currency at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the statements of operations.

The Company's entities with functional currency of RMB, HKD and PHP, translate their operating results and financial positions into US dollar, the Company's reporting currency. Assets and liabilities are translated using the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rates for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

(ab)

Comprehensive (loss) income

Comprehensive (loss) income includes net (loss) income, foreign currency translation adjustments and fair value changes of available-for-sale investments of the Company. Additionally, the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive (loss) income also includes the cumulative effect adjustment for the net unrealised loss of equity securities with determinable fair value from accumulated other comprehensive income to the opening balance of accumulated deficit related to the adoption of ASU 2016-01 (see Note 2(i)).

F-39

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(ac)

Share-based compensation

Share-based payment transactions with employees, such as share options are measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity instrument. The Company recognizes the compensation costs net of estimated forfeitures using the straight-line method, over the applicable vesting period. The estimate of forfeitures will be adjusted over the requisite service period to the extent that actual forfeitures differ, or are expected to differ, from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures will be recognized through a cumulative catch-up adjustment in the period of change and will also impact the amount of stock compensation expense to be recognized in future periods. Share options granted to employees with market conditions attached are measured at fair value on the grant date and are recognized as the compensation costs over the estimated requisite service period, regardless of whether the market condition has been met.

A change in any of the terms or conditions of share options is accounted for as a modification of stock options. The Company calculates the incremental compensation cost of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified option over the fair value of the original option immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested options, the Company recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurred. For unvested options, the Company recognizes, over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date.

(ad)

(Loss) income per share

Basic (loss) income per ordinary share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted (loss) income per ordinary share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities were exercised or converted into ordinary shares. The Company had stock options, non-vested restricted shares and contingent consideration, which could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future. Potential ordinary shares in the diluted net loss per share computation are excluded in periods of losses from continuing operations as their effect would be anti-diluted.

F-40

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – continued

(ae)

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 related to disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The pronouncement eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the effects of this pronouncement on its consolidated financial statements, including potential early adoption.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, or ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The standard will replace “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the other-than-temporary impairment model. The standard is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

F-41

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

SIGNIFICANT RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Foreign currency risk

The RMB is not a freely convertible currency. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange, under the authority of the People's Bank of China, controls the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies. The value of the RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market. Cash and cash equivalents of the Company included aggregate amounts of $11,118 and $2,725 at December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, which were denominated in RMB. All restricted cash and restricted cash-non-current as of December 31, 2019 were denominated in RMB.

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, financing receivable and amounts due from related parties. The Company places their cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments, with financial institutions with high-credit ratings and quality. The Company conducts credit evaluations of customers, and requires collateral or other security from the customers for certain of the financing receivable as described in Note 7.

There were no customers that accounted for 10% or more of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

No customers accounted for 10% or more of the balance of accounts receivable or financing receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

F-42

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

Disposition of Renren SNS

In November 2018, the Company announced the proposed sale of its SNS Business which comprise of www.renren.com and its social networking service business which includes the Company's SNS platform as well as its mobile live streaming to Beijing Infinities for a combined consideration of US$20 million in cash and US$40 million in the form of Beijing Infinities shares to be issued to the Company. One of the minority shareholders of Beijing Infinities is a company controlled by the Company's chairman and chief executive officer, see note 20. In November 2018, the Company's Board of Directors approved the proposed transaction. The disposal was completed on December 29, 2018 and as a result, the Company deconsolidated its SNS Business on that date. The Company's SNS Business had historically been the core of the Company's business and included the Company's SNS platform which allows users to upload content to the platform, its SNS user base as well as the related employees and processes. The Company concluded that the disposal of the SNS Business represented a strategic shift of the Company's operations where the Company would no longer focus on social networking but would rather focus on its used car business in China as well as its businesses outside of China. Accordingly, assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and cash flows related to the Company's SNS Business have been reclassified in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as discontinued operations for all the periods presented.

As of December 31, 2018, the $20 million cash consideration remained outstanding and was recorded in amounts due from a related party. The Company collected $6.8 million in 2019. As of December 31, 2019, Beijing Infinities failed to make payments under the agreed extended repayment plan. Based on its assessment of the collectability, the Company provided an allowance of US$12.6 million for the receivable. Additionally, the shares receivable in the form of Beijing Infinities were not received as of December 31, 2019 and were recorded as non-current amount due from related party in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

On December 29, 2018, the Company calculated a gain regarding the disposal of the SNS Business as follows.

	As of
	December 31, 2018
Total proceeds	$	60,000

Less: Property and equipment, net		8

Net assets of Renren SNS		8
Less: Accumulated other comprehensive income		336

Less: Tax expenses		-

Gain on deconsolidation of Renren SNS	$	59,656

The condensed cash flow from operating of Renren SNS Business were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018. The condensed cash flow from investing of Renren SNS Business were immaterial. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the net cash flow provided by operating activities of Renren SNS Business were US$681.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018
Net cash used in operating activities		(8,144	)		(1,437	)

F-43

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS – continued

Disposition of Renren SNS - continued

The operating results from discontinued operations included in the Company's consolidated statement of operations were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018
Major classes of line items constituting pretax profit of discontinued operations
Revenues	$	22,372		$	19,679
Cost of revenues		(17,264	)		(14,997	)
Selling, research and development, and general and administrative expenses		(13,536	)		(7,523	)
Loss from the operations of the discontinued operations, before income tax		(8,428	)		(2,841	)
Income tax expenses		-			-
Loss from the operations of the discontinued operations, net of tax		(8,428	)		(2,841	)

Gain on deconsolidation of the subsidiaries, net of tax		-			59,656

(Loss) gain from the discontinued operations, net of tax	$	(8,428	)	$	56,815

Disposition of OPI

On September 30, 2016, the Company announced a plan to spin off OPI that holds online talent show business ("Woxiu") and most of its investments in minority stakes in privately held companies. On December 22, 2016, the Company formed a special committee to review the terms of the proposed transaction. Subsequently, the Company revised the plan to substitute Beijing Zhenzhong Interactive Information Technology Co., Ltd ("Zhenzhong", a subsidiary of one of the Company's VIEs) for Woxiu. On April 30, 2018, the Company announced that OPI will offer newly issued ordinary shares of OPI in a private placement to those shareholders of Renren as of the Record Date who satisfy all three of the following criteria: (1) the shareholder is an “accredited investor,” as such term is defined under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (2) the shareholder is a “qualified purchaser,” as such term is defined under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and (3) the shareholder is not a resident of a jurisdiction where the offering would be illegal. Additionally, the Company also announced a cash dividend payable by Renren to all shareholders other than those shareholders who waive the cash dividend in connection with the private placement described above. The amount of the cash dividend was US$0.6125 per ordinary share of Renren. The cash dividend and the private placement are part of an integrated series of transactions designed to address concerns that Renren may be deemed to be an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act. The spin off transaction was consummated on June 21, 2018 with an issuance of a total of 816,261,781 ordinary shares of OPI on June 21, 2018 to those eligible shareholders of Renren as of June 14, 2018 who validly waived the cash dividend in connection with the private placement. In addition, on June 21, 2018, US$133.7 million of cash dividends, with US$0.6125 per ordinary share of Renren, was paid to the Company's shareholders who were not accredited investors and elected to no longer remain investors of OPI subsequent to the private placement transaction. After the transaction, the Company no longer held any shares of OPI and OPI was deconsolidated from the Company's consolidated financial statements. Additionally, the Company concluded that the disposal of OPI represents a non-pro rata distribution of shares of OPI to selected shareholders combined with a cash dividend to the remaining shareholders. Accordingly, the Company has accounted the disposal at fair value.

F-44

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS – continued

Disposition of OPI - continued

On June 30, 2018, the Company calculated a gain regarding such disposition as follows:

	As of
	June 30, 2018

Fair value of OPI	$	500,000

Less: Cash and cash equivalents		35,274
Accounts and notes receivable, net		64
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		16,344
Property and equipment, net		12
Amount due from the Company		15,190
Equity method investments		268,515
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values		144,096
Available-for-sale investment		90,615
Other non-current assets		14
Short term loan		(14,336	)
Accounts payable		(96	)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		(872	)
Amount due to the Company		(102,304	)
Deferred revenue		(13	)
Income tax payable		(910	)
Long-term liabilities		(112,604	)
Other Long-term liabilities		(21,430	)

Net assets of OPI		317,559

Less: tax expenses		-

Gain on deconsolidation of OPI	$	182,441

F-45

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS – continued

Disposition of OPI - continued

The condensed cash flow of OPI were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018
	OPI			OPI

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		7,532			(28,134	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(8,450	)		12
Net cash provided by financing activities		-			60,000

The operating results from discontinued operations included in the Company's consolidated statement of operations were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

	Years ended December 31,
		2017			2018
		OPI			OPI

Major classes of line items constituting pretax profit of discontinued operations
Revenues		$	5,106		$	895
Cost of revenues			(3,820	)		(834	)
Selling, research and development, and general and administrative expenses			(3,046	)		(1,394	)
Other income (expense)			(1,424	)		371
Interest expense			(5,822	)		(3,142	)
Realized loss on short-term investment			-			-
Impairment of long term investment			(113,073	)		(2,180	)
Loss from the operations of the discontinued operations, before income tax			(122,079	)		(6,284	)
Income tax expenses			-			-
(Loss) Gain of equity method investment			11,255			(9,674	)
Loss from the operations of the discontinued operations, net of tax			(110,824	)		(15,958	)

Gain on deconsolidation of the subsidiaries, net of tax			-			182,441

(Loss) gain from the discontinued operations, net of tax		$	(110,824	)	$	166,483

F-46

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION

Acquisition of used car dealers in 2017

In the second half of 2017, in order to start and expand its business of used car trading, the Company completed the acquisitions of 14 unrelated used car dealerships. The acquired dealerships operate used car sales business in various cities across China.

Each acquisition, while negotiated independently, was structured in a similar manner. Specifically, Shanghai Jieying, a PRC subsidiary of the Company’s VIE, initially purchased all car inventories from each dealership. The total consideration was $45,920, which was settled with a combination of cash paid by the Company amounting to $14,884 and a forgiveness of the financing receivable balances amounting to $21,201 related to financing previously provided to the dealership by the Company. The remaining balance was paid in cash in 2018. Subsequent to the car purchase, Shanghai Jieying and the shareholder of the existing car dealership (the "Seller") enter into an equity purchase agreement which requires the Seller to transfer majority interest of the dealership as follows:

(1)

The Seller agrees to set up a new entity to which it transfers the remaining eligible assets of the dealerships, employees, and business contracts owned and leased by the existing dealership. In turn, Shanghai Jieying agrees to subscribe for 70% of the equity interest in this entity.

(2)

As consideration for the above transaction, Shanghai Jieying agrees to inject cash to the acquired dealership as well as to pay the Seller contingent consideration in the form of shares of Kaixin, a Cayman subsidiary of the Company and the parent of Shanghai Jieying.

Shanghai Jieying believes that structuring the acquisitions as described above allows them to avoid potential exposures or liabilities associated with the acquired entities. The purchase of cars and acquisition of the new entity were accounted for as a single transaction.

The payment of the contingent consideration is contingent upon the successful offering of Kaixin, as well as, in part, the performance of the acquired dealerships. The amount of consideration is measured based on the operating performance of the acquired dealerships both prior to and subsequent to the offering transaction of Kaixin, and the number of shares expected to be issued will be calculated based on the issuance price of the offering (in January 2019, the price was updated to the initial public offering price of CM Seven Star, i.e. US$10.00). Such contingent consideration includes two components that will require Kaixin to issue the shares at different times. The first issuance is based on the successful offering of Kaixin and is calculated based on a percentage of the cumulative operating results of the acquired dealerships between the acquisition date and the date of the offering. The second issuance will be made in five equal annual installments after the successful offering of Kaixin and will be calculated based on a percentage of the trailing 12 months operating results of the acquired dealerships leading up to the offering, and will be subject to adjustments based on the future financial performance of each acquired dealership. The contingent issuance of shares is not dependent on whether the previous dealership owner remains employed with the Company.

F-47

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION – continued

Acquisition of used car dealers in 2017 (cont.)

The total purchase price of these 14 acquisitions consisted of a cash injection to the dealerships amounting to $17,580, of which $7,240 was paid as of December 31, 2017, and contingent consideration with a fair value of amounting to $66,794 which is recorded in contingent consideration on the consolidated balance sheet. Each acquisition was recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the acquired assets and liabilities were recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The purchase price allocation described below was based on a valuation analysis that utilized and considered generally accepted valuation methodologies such as the income, market and cost approach. The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests was based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable judgment from management. The most significant variables in these valuations were discount rates, terminal values, the number of years on which to base the cash flow projections, as well as the assumptions and estimates used to determine the cash inflows and outflows. The Company determined discount rates to be used based on the risk inherent in the related activity’s current business model and industry comparisons. Terminal values were based on the expected life of assets, forecasted life cycle and forecasted cash flows over that period.

Subsequent to the date of each acquisition, the Company remeasured the estimated fair values of the contingent consideration at each reporting date.

Acquisition of Shandong, Chongqing and Wuhan in 2017

On July 20, 2017, July 3, 2017, October 27, 2017, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (as described above) with Shandong, Chongqing and Wuhan for a total purchase price of $18,585, $10,112 and $7,284 respectively. Prior to the agreement, the Company purchased all the car inventories from the above dealerships amounting to $3,721, $2,791 and $8,786, respectively. The Company further paid an aggregate of $2,951 for the car inventory during the year ended December 31, 2017 and forgave an aggregate of $6,995 of financing receivable previously provided to those dealerships. The remaining balance was paid in cash in 2018. The allocation of the purchase prices for those three significant acquisitions as of the date of the acquisition are summarized as below:

	Shandong		Chongqing		Wuhan
Cash	$	-	$	2,727	$	-
Goodwill		26,550		11,719		10,405
Noncontrolling interest		7,965		4,334		3,121

The purchase price comprised of:
— Cash consideration		-		818		-
— Contingent consideration		18,585		9,294		7,284
Total	$	18,585	$	10,112	$	7,284

Revenues attributable to the acquisitions of Shandong, Chongqing, Wuhan and Other dealerships for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to $33,263, $17,290, $0 and $71,483 respectively. Net gain (losses) attributable to the acquisitions of Shangdong, Chongqing, Wuhan and other dealerships for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to $1,383, $180, $(10) and $(1,652) respectively.

Pro forma information of acquisitions in 2017

Supplementary pro-forma revenues and net earnings for the combined entities, as if business combination had been acquired as of January 1, 2016 were not included as it is impracticable since the used car dealerships and after-sales service centers historically did not have sound accounting systems to maintain reliable accounting records prior to the acquisitions and creating reliable accounting records would require an unreasonably significant amount of effort and resources. Post-acquisition, the newly established entities began to create and maintain accounting records.

F-48

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION – continued

Acquisition of used car dealers in 2017 (cont.)

Other acquisitions of used car dealerships in 2017

During the second half of 2017, the Company further entered into separate equity purchase agreements (as described above) with an additional 11 individually insignificant car dealerships. Prior to the agreement, the Company purchased all the car inventories from each dealership amounting to $30,622. The Company paid an aggregate of $11,933 during the year ended December 31, 2017 and forgave an aggregate of $14,206 of financing receivable previously provided to those dealerships. The remaining balance was paid in 2018. The allocation of the purchase price for those insignificant acquisition is presented on a combined basis as follows:

	Other used car dealer acquisitions
Cash	$	1,270
Goodwill		38,317
Noncontrolling interest		11,876

The purchase price comprised of:
— Cash consideration		381
— Contingent consideration		27,330
Total	$	27,711

The goodwill is mainly attributable to intangible assets that cannot be recognized separately as identifiable assets under US GAAP, and comprise of (a) the assembled work force and (b) the expected but unidentifiable business growth as a result of the synergies resulting from these acquisitions.

F-49

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION – continued

Acquisition of TruckerPath Inc.

In December 19, 2014, the Company invested and paid $11,500 to obtain 29% equity interests in TruckerPath Inc. to expand the business of value-added-service platform. The investment was initially recognized as an equity-method investment as the Company concluded that it had significant influence over the operations of TruckerPath Inc. In December 2017, the Company acquired an additional 71% equity interests in TruckerPath Inc. for a total consideration of $7,616. The acquisition resulted in the Company obtaining control of TruckerPath Inc. with an ownership of 100% equity interests.

The purchase price consists of the following:

	US$
Consideration	$	7,616
Fair value of the 29% equity interests:
Carrying amount		5,587
Gain on re-measurement of fair value of noncontrolling equity investment		(2,903	)
Total	$	10,300

The Company recognized an investment gain of $2,903 in realized gain from investment as a result of remeasuring the 29% equity interests immediately to fair value before the business combination. The acquisition was recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the acquired assets and liabilities were recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The acquisition-date fair value of the equity interests held by the Company immediately prior to the acquisition date was measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow method and taking into account certain factors including the management projection of discounted future cash flow and an appropriate discount rate. The purchase price allocation described below was determined by the Company with the assistance of an independent valuation appraiser. The acquired net assets were recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The goodwill is mainly attributable to intangible assets that cannot be recognized separately as identifiable assets under US GAAP, and comprise of (a) the assembled work force and (b) the expected but unidentifiable business growth as a result of the synergy resulting from the acquisition. The acquired goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

The purchase price was allocated as of December 28, 2017, the date of acquisition as follows:

				Amortization
	US$			period
Net working capital	$	139
Other current assets		5,016
Intangible assets
Customer relationship		610			3
Technology platform		325
Trade name		540			3
Goodwill		7,952
Other current liabilities		(4,282	)

Total	$	10,300

Pro forma information of acquisition

The unaudited pro forma revenues and unaudited pro forma net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 of the Company as if the acquisition of TruckerPath Inc had occurred on January 1, 2016 amounted to $203,391 and $116,397.

F-50

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION (cont.)

Acquisition of used car dealers and after-sales service centers in 2018

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of three after-sales centers, Jinan Zhoushuo Yidong Automobile Trading Co., Ltd. (“Jinan Zhoushuo”), Chongqing Zhoushuo Xingqi Automobile Service Co., Ltd. (“Chongqing Zhoushuo”) and Suzhou Zhoushuo Lujie Automobile Service Co., Ltd. (“Suzhou Zhoushuo”), and one additional dealership, Shanxi Jieying Weilan Automobile Sales Co., Ltd. (“Shanxi”). The structure of these acquisitions is consistent with the used car dealer acquisitions in 2017. The Company initially purchased all inventories, from each dealership and after-sales service center, The Company subsequently entered into equity purchase agreement to purchase the new entity set up by the owners of each dealership and after-sales service center.

Subsequent to the date of each acquisition, the Company measured the estimated fair values of the contingent consideration at each reporting date.

Acquisition of Shanxi in 2018

On April 8, 2018, the Company entered into equity purchase an agreement with Shanxi. The Company initially purchased the car inventories from the dealership which were recorded at fair value. The Company subsequently entered into equity purchase agreement to purchase the new entity set up by the owner of Shanxi used car dealership. As consideration for the transaction, the Company agreed to (1) pay cash consideration which includes partial consideration for the cars purchased as well as capital injection to the entities acquired, (2) forgive financing receivable outstanding that was previously provided by the Company to the used car dealerships and (3) provide contingent consideration to be paid upon the successful offering of the Company. The allocation of the purchase price for this acquisition as of the date of the acquisition is summarized as below:

	Shanxi
Cash	$	-
Capital injection receivable		1,360
Inventory		4,604
Goodwill		3,917
Noncontrolling interest		1,175

The purchase price comprised of:
— Cash consideration		4,536
— Forgiveness of financing receivable		1,428
— Contingent consideration		2,742
Total	$	8,706

F-51

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION – continued

Acquisitions of after-sales service centers

During the first half of 2018, the Company further entered into separate equity purchase agreements with three after-sales service centers individually. Each acquisition, negotiated independently, was structured in a similar manner whereby, Shanghai Zhoushuo Automobile Technology Co., Ltd, (“Shanghai Zhoushuo”), a subsidiary of the Company, initially purchased all inventories from each after-sales service center. Subsequent to the purchase, Shanghai Zhoushuo and the shareholder of each of the existing after-sales service center (the “Seller”) entered into an equity purchase agreement which requires the Seller to transfer majority interest of the dealership as follows:

(1) The Seller agrees to set up a new entity to which it transfers the remaining eligible assets of the after-sales service center, employees, and business contracts owned and leased by the existing after-sales service center. In turn, Shanghai Zhoushuo agrees to subscribe for 70% of the equity interest in this entity.

(2) Shanghai Zhoushuo agrees to inject cash to the newly formed entity described in the preceding paragraph as well as to pay the Seller contingent consideration in the form of shares of the Company, the parent of Shanghai Zhoushuo.

The Company believes that structuring the acquisitions as described above allows them to avoid potential exposures or liabilities associated with the acquired entities. The purchase of inventories and acquisition of the new entity were accounted for as a single transaction.

The payment of the contingent consideration is contingent upon the successful offering of Kaixin, as well as, in part, the performance of after-sales service center operators. The amount of consideration is measured based on the operating performance of the acquired after-sales service centers both prior to and subsequent to the offering transaction of Kaixin, and the number of shares expected to be issued will be calculated based on the issuance price of the offering (in January 2019, the price was updated to the initial public offering price of CM Seven Star, i.e. US$10.00). Such contingent consideration will require Kaixin to issue the shares at different times. The issuance will be made in four installments, 12- month apart, upon the successful offering of Kaixin and is calculated based on a percentage of each 12-months cumulative operating results of the acquired after-sales service centers after the acquisition date under different multiples. The contingent issuance of shares is not dependent on whether the previous after-sales service centers owner remains employed with the Company.

Acquired assets and liabilities were recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The purchase price allocation described below was based on a valuation analysis that utilized and considered generally accepted valuation methodologies such as the income, market and cost approach. The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests was based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable judgment from management. The most significant variables in these valuations were discount rates, terminal values, the number of years on which to base the cash flow projections, as well as the assumptions and estimates used to determine the cash inflows and outflows. The Company determined discount rates to be used based on the risk inherent in the related activity’s current business model and industry comparisons. Terminal values were based on the expected life of assets, forecasted life cycle and forecasted cash flows over that period.

F-52

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BUSINESS ACQUISITION – continued

Acquisitions of after-sales service centers (cont.)

As consideration for the transactions, the Company agreed to (1) pay cash consideration which includes capital injection to the entity acquired and (2) contingent consideration to be paid upon the successful offering of Kaixin. The allocation of the purchase price for the acquisitions are presented as follows:

	After-sales service centers
Capital injection receivable	$	651
Inventory		35
Goodwill		16,244
Noncontrolling interest		4,873

The purchase price comprised of:
— Cash consideration		686
— Contingent consideration		11,371
Total	$	12,057

The following information summarizes the results of operations attributable to the acquisitions included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations since the acquisition dates:

	Year ended December 31, 2018
	Chongqing/ Suzhou/ Jinan Zhoushuo
Revenues	$	341
Net loss	$	(582	)

For the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company recorded $(2,601), $(29,604) and $86,256 in changes in fair value of contingent consideration in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a result of the Company’s re-measurement of the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration at the reporting date, respectively. Refer to Note 18 for the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration.

Pro forma information of acquisitions in 2018

Supplementary pro-forma revenues and net earnings for the combined entities, as if business combination had been acquired as of January 1, 2017 were not included as it is impracticable since the used car dealerships and after-sales service centers historically did not have sound accounting systems to maintain reliable accounting records prior to the acquisitions and creating reliable accounting records would require an unreasonably significant amount of effort and resources. Post-acquisition, the newly established entities began to create and maintain accounting records.

F-53

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable consists of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
Accounts receivable	$	5,219		$	913
Allowance of doubtful accounts		(2,635	)		(264	)

Accounts receivable, net	$	2,584		$	649

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts earned under advertising contracts and IVAS business at the respective balance sheet dates. These amounts become billable according to the contract term.

Movement of allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,640		$	2,730		$	2,635
Charge to expenses		130			52			212
Write off of accounts receivable		-			-			(2,571	)
Exchange difference		(40	)		(147	)		(12	)

Balance at end of year	$	2,730		$	2,635		$	264

F-54

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

FINANCING RECEIVABLE

Financing receivable consists of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
financing receivable
Used car financing	$	9,846		$	8,445
Financing for installment sales		1,654			1,576
Other financing		1,243			1,146
Less allowance for financing receivable		(9,257	)		(11,167	)
Financing receivable, net	$	3,486		$	-

F-55

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

FINANCING RECEIVABLE – continued

The following table presents nonaccrual financing receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

	As of December 31,
	2018		2019
Used car financing	$	9,838	$	8,445
Financing for installment sales		1,654		1,576
Other financing		1,243		1,146
	$	12,735	$	11,167

The following table presents the past-due aging of financing receivable as of December 31, 2019.

	0 – 90 days past-due aging		over 90 days past-due aging		total past due		Current		total financing receivable
Used car financing	$	-	$	8,445	$	8,445	$	-	$	8,445
Financing for installment sales				1,576		1,576		-		1,576
Other financing		-		1,146		1,146		-		1,146
	$	-	$	11,167	$	11,167	$	-	$	11,167

The following table presents the past-due aging of financing receivable as of December 31, 2018

	0 – 90 days past-due aging		over 90 days past-due aging		total past due		Current		total financing receivable
Used car financing	$	-	$	9,838	$	9,838	$	8	$	9,846
Financing for installment sales				1,654		1,654				1,654
Other financing		-		1,243		1,243		-		1,243
	$	-	$	12,735	$	12,735	$	8	$	12,743

F-56

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

FINANCING RECEIVABLE – continued

Movement of allowance for financing receivable is as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Balance at beginning of year	$	15,114		$	7,023		$	9,257
Charge to cost of revenues		12,745			10,802			2,017
Write off of financing receivable		(22,178	)		(7,786	)		-
Exchange difference		1,342			(782	)		(107)

Balance at end of year	$	7,023		$	9,257		$	11,167

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company considered loan principal and financing income receivables meeting any of the following conditions as uncollectible and has further written them off: (i) death of the borrower; or (ii) unable to reach the borrower. The Company outsourced almost all of its collection effort to third-party collection agencies.

PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

		As of December 31,
	Note	2018		2019

Advances to third parties	(i)	$	30,787	$	25,039
Prepaid expenses			4,144		1,279
Deposits			340		195
Loan to third parties			4,029		555
Funds receivable			1,477		175
Disposal of online wealth management business			2,388		503
Other receivable			362		489
Other current assets			5,988		2,219

Total		$	49,515	$	30,454

(i)

Advances to third parties mainly represents cash advanced to third party dealerships for car purchase. Specifically, some of the advances to third parties relates to consignment sales, in which the Company acts as an agent and assists other third party dealerships in the sale of their cars by allowing them to move their cars to the Company’s own lot. The Company pays those third party dealerships an advance amounting to the value of the car. The Company agrees to market those cars and if successfully sold, receives a commission from those third party dealerships. The Company does not take title to the cars and merely acts as an agent. The advance is subsequently settled either (1) when the car is sold by the Company or (2) if the car is not sold, the cash is remitted back to the Company by the third party dealership. The related balance was substantially collected after December 31, 2018, and the commission earned from the above arrangements is immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019, the related balance related to consignment sales were in the amount of US$2.6 million.

F-57

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

9.	SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS

The Company’s short-term investments represent wealth management products issued by commercial banks in the PRC which are redeemed upon demand of the Company. The wealth management products are invested in debt securities issued by the PRC government, corporate debt securities, bank deposits, central bank bills and other securities issued by other financial institutions.

The debt securities are classified as available-for-sale investments and are reported at fair value, with any unrealized holding gains or losses, net of the related tax effect, excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. Realized gains or losses from the sale of short-term investments are determined on a specific identification basis and are recorded as investment income when earned.

Short-term investments are valued based on the expected return provided by the issuer. The short-term investments are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value of the short-term investments approximates the book value and there was no gross unrealized gains or losses as these investments were made on December 31, 2019.

10.

LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

		As of December 31,
	Note	2018		2019
Equity method investments:
Plum Inc.	(i)	$	5,581	$	-
Fundrise, L.P.	(ii)		11,319		11,655
Others	(iii)		2,714		1,081

Total equity method investments			19,614		12,736

Equity investment without readily determinable fair values Suzhou Youge Interconnection Venture Capital Center			727		718



Available-for-sale investment
Plum Inc.	(i)		2,000		-

Total Available-for-sale investment			2,000		-

Total long-term investments		$	22,341	$	13,454

(i)

In August 2015, the Company entered into agreements to purchase 2,304,205 Series A Preferred Shares issued by Plum Inc. for a total consideration of $10,500. The Company held 26.64%, 19.64% and 19.64% equity interest of Plum Inc. as of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively and recognized its share of loss in Plum Inc. of $1,452, $1,826 and $1,041 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Company accounted for this investment as equity method as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 as it believes it is able to exert significant influence through its board seat held by the Company.

In January 2017, the Company entered into agreements to purchase convertible promissory note issued by Plum Inc. for a total consideration of $2,000. The Company accounted for it as available-for-sale investment as the Company determined this as debt security and measured at fair value. The unrealized gains or losses of US$ nil and US$ nil were reported in other comprehensive (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company performed an impairment analysis and recognized an OTTI loss of $6,540 in 2019.

F-58

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

10.

LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS – continued

	(ii)	In October 2014, the Company entered into an agreement to purchase limited partnership interest of Fundrise, L.P. for a total consideration of $10,000. The Company held 98.04% equity interest as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 and recognized its share of gain of $148, $276 and $336 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

	(iii)	Others represents other equity method investments with individual carrying amounts less than $1,500 as of December 31, 2018.

11.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
Computer equipment and application software		8,309			7,279
Furniture and vehicles		540			665
Leasehold improvements		1,053			1,204

	$	9,902		$	9,148
Less: Accumulated depreciation	$	(8,347	)	$	(7,794	)
Less: Accumulated impairment loss		-			(503	)

Total property and equipment, net	$	1,555		$	851

Depreciation expense from continuing operations was $1,968, $968 and $591 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Depreciation expense from discontinued operation was $6, $nil and $nil, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

In May 2018, the Company sold its building located in Shanghai, China to a third party for a total consideration of $60,388 and recorded $25,928 gain on disposal of property and equipment for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Impairment loss of $nil, $nil and $503 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-59

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

12.

Goodwill

	Amount
Balance at January 1, 2017		-
Addition in goodwill related to acquisitions	$	99,654
Exchange difference		2,283
Balance at December 31, 2017		101,937
Addition in goodwill related to acquisitions		22,445
Subtraction in goodwill related to disposals		(4,741	)
Impairment loss		(29,055	)
Exchange difference		(6,152	)
Balance at December 31, 2018		84,434
Impairment loss		(83,379	)
Exchange difference		(931	)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	124

The Company’s goodwill reflects the excess of the consideration paid or transferred including the fair value of contingent consideration over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired. The majority of the goodwill balance relates to the various used car dealerships and after-sales service centers in Auto Group segment acquired during the two years ended December 31, 2018 as well as to other acquisitions including Sindeo, Geographic Farming, LLC and Trucker Path, Inc. in Renren segment which were individually deemed insignificant.

To assess potential impairment of goodwill, the Company performs an assessment of the carrying value of the reporting unit at least on an annual basis or when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the estimated fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value.

The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units through internal analysis and external valuations, which utilize the income approach through the application of discounted cash flow methods. These valuations are based on a number of estimates and assumptions, including the projected future operating results of the reporting unit, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market comparable.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, the Company did not record any impairment charges related to goodwill. During the year ended December 31, 2018, following the investigation of the Ji'nan Dealership, Kaixin transferred its equity interest in the Ji'nan Dealership and the related assets to an affiliate of the Company. Following the transfer, the Company closed the dealership. As a result of the above, the Company performed an impairment analysis and fully impaired the goodwill related to the Ji'nan Dealership amounting to $25,804. The Company acquired Sindeo. in 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company performed its goodwill impairment test and determined there was an impairment. As a result, the entire balance of goodwill associated with Sindeo and amounting to US$3,251 was written off.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, impairment of goodwill of $74,090 related to the acquisitions of various used car dealerships and after-sales service centers in Auto Group segment was recorded primarily because of 1) suspension of certain used car dealerships due to disagreements with certain non-controlling shareholders on operational matters 2) the performance outlook of active used car dealerships and after-sales service centers is worse than expected. Further, impairment of goodwill of $1,461 related to acquisition of Geographic Farming, LLC and impairment of goodwill of $7,828 related to acquisition of Trucker Path in Renren segment were recorded primarily due to the business suspension in Geographic Farming, LLC and worsening performance outlook in Trucker Path. As of December 31, 2019, the gross amount of goodwill and accumulated impairment loss in Auto Group segment were $99,718 and $99,718 respectively. The gross amount of goodwill and accumulated impairment loss in Renren segment were $12,664 and $12,540 respectively.

F-60

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

13.

SHORT - TERM DEBT AND LONG-TERM DEBT

Short-term debt

				As of December 31,
	Note	2018		2019
Bank of Shanghai	(i)	$	21,817	$	-

Bank of Beijing	(ii)		20,798		718

East West Bank	(iii)		-		20,182

Others	(iv)		7,272		10,177

Total		$	49,887	$	31,077

(i)

In May and August 2017, the Company entered into five short-term loan agreements with Bank of Shanghai for $12,296 in aggregate. The loans bear annual interest rates of 137.9% to 149.4% over the one-year loan interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China and have loan periods ranging from eight to eleven months. The Company repaid the loans in April 2018.

In February 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Shanghai Bank for $10,181. The loan bears an annual interest rate of 130.0% over the one-year loan interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China and has a loan period of one year. The loan was due in February 2019 and has been paid in February 2019.

In April and May 2018, the Company entered into two loan agreements with Shanghai Bank for $11,636 in aggregate. Both loans bear an annual interest rate of 140.0% over the one-year loan interest rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China and have a loan period of one year. $7,272, and $4,364 of the loan were due in April and May 2019, respectively and had been repaid by the Company.

(ii)

In March, May and June 2018, the Company entered into four loan agreements with Bank of Beijing for $20,798 in aggregate. The loans bear annual interest rates of the Loan Prime Rate plus additional interest rate ranged from 0.05% to 1.355% with loan period of one year. $20,798 of the loans had been repaid by the Company in 2019.

In April 2019, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Bank of Beijing for $718 in aggregate. The loans bear annual interest rates of 5.665% with loan period of one year. The Company has defaulted and delayed the repayment of the loan. The Company is in the process of negotiation with the bank for an extension.

(iii)

In April 2019, the Company obtained an 18-month revolving line of credit of $7,182 with an annual interest of 5.22% from East West Bank (“Credit Agreement”). The Company drew $5,746 in April 2019, maturing in October 2019, and drew $1,436 in May 2019, maturing in May 2020 respectively. The $7,182 line of credit was guaranteed by a wholly owned subsidiary of Renren Inc. $5,814 has been repaid in October 2019, and renewed in October 2019, maturing in October 2020. The Company violated certain covenants related to financial requirements and the bank did not request immediate repayment of the loans. $1,436 has been repaid in May 2020. The Company is now under negotiation with East West Bank for further extension of the $5,746 outstanding balances.

In April 2019, the Company entered into a loan agreement with East West Bank for $2,000 with an annual interest rate equal to London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 1.2% due in March 2020. The loan was under an irrevocable standby letter of credit issued by East West Bank to the Company in April 2019 with the Company’s restricted cash pledged as security. $1 million has been repaid in June 2019 and renewed in July 2019. The Company has agreed with the bank to extend the repayment of the loan to August 2020 and negotiating for further extension.

In September 2019, according to the loan agreement with East West Bank, which was amended in June 2018 as mentioned in below note in long-term debt, the Company borrowed $7,000 from East West Bank with an annual interest rate equal to LIBOR rate plus 1.2% due in April 2020. As of December 31, 2019, the balance of long-term debt loan amounting to $4,000 was reclassified in short-term debt. In April and June 2020, the maturity date of the loan of $11,000 was extended to July 2020 and September 2020 with an annual interest rate equal to LIBOR rate plus 1.7%. The loan is secured by the Company’s restricted cash.

For the borrows from East West Bank, the Company violated certain non-financial related covenants and the bank did not request immediate repayment of the loans.

(iv)

In January 2018, the Company entered into two loan agreements with a third party individual for a total amounting to $6,109. The loans had an annual interest rate of 10% and were due in July 2018. In July 2018, the Company further refinanced the loans for another 6 months with the same interest rate. In January 2019, the Company further refinanced the loans for another 15 months with the same interest rate, and the agreements extends automatically when matures and become due if receiving written notice of repayment from the individual one-month in advance. As of December 31, 2019, the related loan balances was $6,034 considering the foreign currency exchange effect.

In April, May, June, July, August and September 2018, the Company entered into eighteen loan agreements with an individual, who was a former employee of the Company, for $17,787 in aggregate. The loans all bear an annual interest rate of 10.8% and have a period of one month. $17,496 was repaid in May and June 2018, and the remaining balance of $291 was repaid in October 2018.

In August 2018, the Company entered into two loan agreements with the individual for $872 in aggregate. The loans bear an annual interest rate of 10.8% and have a period of two months and four months, respectively. Upon maturity, the Company further renewed the loans for another 12 months with the same interest rate. The Company has fully repaid the loans in 2019.

In October 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement with the individual for $291. The loan bears an annual interest rate of 10.8% and have a period of six months. Upon maturity, the Company further renewed the loans for another 8 months with the same interest rate. The amount is $287 as of December 31, 2019 considering the foreign currency exchange effect. The Company has agreed with the individual to extend the loan to June 30, 2021.

In January 2019, the Company entered into a loan agreement with the individual for $945. The loan bears an annual interest rate of 10.8% and have a period of ten months. $945 had been repaid by the Company in November 2019.

In. April 2019, the Company entered into a loan agreement with the individual for $409. The loan bears an annual interest rate of 10.8% and have a period of 12 months. The Company has agreed with the individual to extend the loan to June 30, 2021.

In December 2019, the Company entered into a loan agreement with a third party for $2,011. The loan bears an annual interest rate of 1.137% and have a period of one year. The Company repaid the loan in April 2020.

In December 2019, the Company entered into a loan agreement with a third party for $1,436. The loan bears a monthly interest of $29 and have a period of one month. The Company repaid the loan in January 2020.

F-61

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

13.

SHORT - TERM DEBT AND LONG-TERM DEBT – continued

Long-term debt

		As of December 31,
	Note	2018		2019
East West Bank	(i)		35,000		-

Total		$	35,000	$	-

(i)

In December 2016, the Company entered into a short-term loan agreement with East West Bank for $30,000. The loan beared an annual interest rate equal to the one-month LIBOR rate plus 1.2% and had a loan period of six month. In June 2017, the Company amended and extended the maturity date to April 2018. In October 2017, the Company repaid $10,000 of the loan balance. In January 2018, the Company further renewed its short-term loan agreement with East West Bank and replaced it with a long-term debt. The long-term debt has an annual interest rate equal to LIBOR rate plus 1.2% and is repayable on April 3, 2020. Accordingly, the $20,000 of the loan was reclassified as long-term debt as of December 31, 2017. In June 2018, the Company and East West Bank entered into an amendment on the loan agreement, pursuant to which East West Bank agreed to provide the Company maximum principle amount of $40,000 with an annual interest rate equal to LIBOR rate plus 1.2% and the maturity date of April 3, 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repaid $12,000 and additionally borrowed $27,000 from East West Bank. The maturity date of the remaining balance is April 3, 2020 and the remaining loan balance bears an annual interest rate equal to LIBOR rate plus 1.2%.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company repaid $31,000. As of December 31, 2019, the remaining balance of $4,000 was reclassified to short-term debt.

14.

ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

	As of December 31,
	2018		2019
Employee payroll and welfare payables	$	1,738	$	1,410
Other tax payable		14,119		8,528
Accrued professional, marketing and leasing fees		6,035		8,363
Advance from customers		4,078		1,677
Payable to a noncontrolling shareholder of KAH*		-		4,214
Other payables		7,085		12,876

Total	$	33,055	$	37,068

As of December 31, 2019, the balance of $4,214 represented the amount due to Shareholder Value Fund (“SVF”), a noncontrolling shareholder of KAH.

On April 30, 2019, KAH, Kaixin, Renren Inc. and SVF executed an agreement (the “Waiver Agreement”) pursuant to which KAG and Renren Inc. waived certain rights under the share exchange agreement in exchange for SVF’s commitment to (i) contribute $1.6 million to KAH within two weeks after the closing of the Merger, (ii) set a limit on the liabilities to be paid by cash (up to $4.0 million) and noncash (up to $2.6 million) consideration by KAH and (iii) use its best efforts to restructure $2.6 million KAH due to SVF prior to the Merger, which would have become past due upon the closing of the Merger.

On June 4, 2019, SVF paid $1,600 to Kaixin according to the Waiver Agreement. Because of the limitations and commitments prescribed in the Waiver Agreement, KAH is negotiating with SVF about the conversion of all the outstanding balances to ordinary shares of KAH.

On June 10, 2020, the KAH and SVF entered into a subscription agreement to issue 4,213,629 KAH’s ordinary shares to SVF, and cancel all the prior existing notes or agreements related to the $4.2 million balance as of December 31, 2019. KAH has issued the shares to SVF in early July 2020.

F-62

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

15.

OPERATING LEASES

The Company leases its facilities and offices under non-cancellable operating lease agreements. These leases expire through 2023 and are renewable upon negotiation.

The right-of-use assets were US$5,506 as of December 31, 2019. The current portion of lease liabilities was US$2,836 as of December 31, 2019. The operating lease liabilities – non-current were US$1,980 as of December 31, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was US$2,521, and non-cash transaction amount of lease liabilities arising from acquisition of right-of-use assets was US$406.

The operating lease cost and short-term lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2019

Cost of revenues		90
Selling expenses		1,367
Research and development expenses		1,132
General and administrative expenses		511
Total operating lease cost		3,100

Short-term lease cost		1,873

Total lease cost		4,973

The weighted average remaining lease term as of December 31, 2019 was 1.89 years, and the weighted average discount rate of the operating leases was 10.92%.

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 were as follows:

	Operating Lease
2020		2,949
2021		1,613
2022		769
2023		10
2024		-
Thereafter		-
Total undiscounted lease payment		5,341
Less: Imputed interest		525
Present value of lease liabilities		4,816

F-63

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

16.

INCOME TAXES

The Company and subsidiaries incorporated in the Cayman Islands are not subject to income or capital gains taxes under the current laws of the Cayman Islands.

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in the US are subject to state income tax and federal income tax at different tax rates, depending upon taxable income levels. They did not have taxable income and no income tax expense was provided for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subjected to Hong Kong profits tax. With effect from 1 April 2018, a two-tiered profits tax rates regime applies. The profits tax rate for the first HKD 2 million of corporate profits is 8.25%, while the standard profits tax rate of 16.5% remains for profits exceeding HKD 2 million. No provision for Hong Kong profits tax has been made as they have no assessable profits in Hong Kong in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

Renren Giantly Philippines Inc was established in 2018 and incorporated in the Philippines, which is subject to 30% enterprise income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2019. Renren Giantly Philippines Inc did not have taxable income and no income tax expense was provided for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2019.

Beijing Qilin Wings Technology Development Co., Ltd., incorporated in the PRC on January 16, 2013, qualified as a “High and New Tech Enterprise” in 2017, and therefore was entitled to a preferential tax rate of 15% for the following three years. Other subsidiaries and VIEs of the Company domiciled in the PRC were subject to 25% statutory income tax rate in the years presented.

The EIT Law includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside PRC will be considered residents for Chinese income tax purposes if their place of effective management or control is within the PRC. If legal entities organized outside PRC were considered residents for Chinese income tax purpose, they would become subject to the EIT Law on their worldwide income. This would cause any income from legal entities organized outside PRC earned to be subject to PRC's 25% EIT. The Implementation Rules to EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities will be considered as PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. reside within PRC.

Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Company does not believe that the legal entities organized outside the PRC should be characterized as PRC residents for EIT Law purposes.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in PRC to its foreign investors who are non-resident enterprises are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor's jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with PRC that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where the Company is incorporated, does not have a tax treaty with PRC.

The Company's subsidiaries and VIEs located in the PRC had aggregate accumulated deficits as of December 31, 2019. Accordingly, no deferred tax liability had been accrued for the Chinese dividend withholding taxes as of December 31, 2019.

The current and deferred component of income tax expenses which were attributable to the Company's PRC subsidiaries and VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries, are as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Current income tax expenses	$	4,479	$	9,850	$	24
Deferred income tax expenses		-		-		-
Total income tax expenses	$	4,479	$	9,850	$	24

F-64

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

16.

INCOME TAXES – continued

The principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
Deferred tax assets
Provision for doubtful accounts	$	7,847		$	5,226
Accrued payroll and welfare		390			325
Inventory		-			4,510
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		-			10,766
Property and equipment		-			126
Accrued liabilities		3,764			3,364
Advertising fee		1,416			816
Employee education fee		80			31
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment		7,276			142
Lease liability		-			1,122
Net operating loss carry forwards		45,543			40,526
Less valuation allowance		(66,316	)		(65,832	)

Deferred tax assets, net	$	-		$	1,122

Deferred tax liabilities
Right-of-use assets	$	-		$	(1,122	)

Deferred tax liabilities		-			(1,122	)

Net deferred tax assets		-			-
Net deferred income tax liabilities		-			-

The rollforward of valuation allowances of deferred tax assets for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:


	Year ended December 31, 2019
Balance as of beginning of year		66,316
Additions		23,668
Reversals		(22,989)
Decrease relating to disposal of entities		(636)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(527)
Balance as of end of year		65,832

The Company operates through multiple subsidiaries and VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries. The valuation allowance is considered on each individual entity basis. The subsidiaries and VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries have total deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carry forwards of $45,543 and $40,526 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Company assessed the available evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income would be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, valuation allowances were established because the Company believes that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will not be realized as it does not expect to generate sufficient taxable income in the near future. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had net operating losses of $173,214, which can be carried forward to offset future taxable profit. The net operating loss of $41,632, $5,206, $30,191, $19,361 and $18,055 will expire by 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively, if not utilized, and the net operating loss of $14,523 will expire by 2037, and net operating loss of $44,246 can be carried forward indefinitely. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the reversals of valuation allowance include $13,301 resulted from the expiration of net operating loss.

F-65

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

16.

INCOME TAXES – continued

Reconciliation between the income tax expenses computed by applying the PRC tax rate to loss before the provision of income taxes and the actual provision for income taxes is as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Loss before provision of income tax	$	(42,757	)	$	(146,504	)	$	(99,996	)
PRC statutory income tax rate		25	%		25	%		25	%
Income tax at statutory tax rate		(10,689	)		(36,626	)		(24,999	)
Taxable deemed interest income from inter-company interest-free loans		7,288			6,406			2,218
Non-deductible expenses		4,469			30,016			21,222
Non-taxable income from fair value change gain of contingent consideration		-			-			(21,564	)
Other non-taxable income		-			-			(3,200)
Effect of income tax rate differences in jurisdictions other than the PRC		709			10,660			4,327
Effect of tax holidays		570			(53	)		305
Changes in valuation allowance		2,132			(553	)		21,715
Income tax expenses	$	4,479		$	9,850		$	24

For the year ended December 31, 2019, non-deductible expenses of $20,845 was related to impairment of goodwill.

The Company did not identify significant unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Company did not incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses.

Since January 1, 2008, the relevant tax authorities have not conducted a tax examination on PRC entities. In accordance with relevant PRC tax administration laws, tax years from 2014 to 2019 of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries remain subject to tax audits as of December 31, 2019, at the tax authority's discretion.

17.

ORDINARY SHARES

Under a series of share repurchase programs approved by the Company's board of directors on September 29, 2011, December 26, 2012, June 28, 2013 and June 28, 2014, during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company did not repurchase any ordinary shares.

F-66

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

18.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Assets and liabilities disclosed at fair value

The Company measures its amounts due from/to related parties, financing receivable, equity investments without readily determinable fair values and short-term and long-term debt, payable to investors and amount due from OPI at amortized cost. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximated fair value and represented a level 1 measurement. The carrying value of financing receivable and payable to investors approximate their fair value due to their short-term nature and are considered level 3 measurement. Such fair value was estimated by discontinuing scheduled cash flows through the estimated maturity with estimated discount rate based on current offering rates of comparable financings with similar terms. The carrying value of the debt obligations approximate fair value considering the borrowing rates are at the same level of the current market yield for the comparable debts and represent a level 2 measurement. The carrying value of amount due from OPI approximates its fair value since the interest rates is considered to reflect market interest rate. The carrying value of current amounts due from /to other related parties’ approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturity.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The Company measures its financial assets and liabilities, including short-term investments, equity investments with readily determinable fair values, available-for-sales securities and contingent consideration at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. The short-term investments are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Contingent consideration as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the fair value is determined by using a significant number of unobservable inputs which are further described below.

The following table summarizes the Company's financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively:

	As of December 31, 2018										As of December 31, 2019
	Fair Value Measurement at the Reporting Date using										Fair Value Measurement at the Reporting Date using
	Quoted price in active markets for identical assets Level 1		Significant other observable inputs Level 2		Significant unobservable in puts Level 3			Total			Quoted price in active markets for identical assets Level 1		Significant other observable inputs Level 2		Significant unobservable in puts Level 3			Total
Short-term investments		-		-		-			-			-		1,436		-			1,436
Long-term investments-Convertible debt		-		-		2,000			2,000			-		-		-			-
Contingent consideration		-		-		(105,670	)		(105,670	)		-		-		(1,032	)		(1,032	)
Total	$	-	$	-	$	(103,670	)	$	(103,670	)	$	-	$	1,436	$	(1,032	)	$	404

F-67

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

18.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – continued

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value – continued

The key assumptions used in the valuations of the contingent consideration as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in the table below:

(1)

For contingent consideration resulting from the acquisition of the used car dealerships:

Planed Offering date	April 30, 2019
Discount rate (from acquisition date to Offering date)		15	%
Discount rate (from Offering date to the last settlement date)		2.75	%
Offering probability as of December 31, 2018		80	%

(2)

For contingent consideration resulting from acquisition of the after sales service centers:

Planed Offering date	April 30, 2019
Discount rate (from acquisition date to the last settlement date)		15	%
Offering probability as of December 31, 2018		80	%

In connection with the Kaixin Offering closing on April 30, 2019, the dealers and after-sale service center operators became entitled to a minimum number of 4.18 million shares of KAH based on their historical performance. Because such share consideration payment will be delivered, without being affected by the outcome of the other consideration payment triggers, the fair value of US$ 20.8 million related to this consideration payment was reclassified from liability classified contingent consideration to equity classified contingent consideration, such fair value is calculated based on the number of shares multiplied by the share price upon the closing of Kaixin Offering.

As of December 31, 2019, contingent consideration was related to certain consideration payment triggers, such as the performance of each dealer and after-sale service center operator for each of the five years’ following April 30, 2019, KAH’s performance in 2019 and 2020 and KAH’s share price from May 1, 2019 to October 31, 2021 (earnout shares and indemnification condition as mentioned in Note 1. The fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated with the following key assumptions 1) none of the dealer or after-sale service center operator will meet any performance condition for each of the five years’ following April 30, 2019 2) Renren Inc. will not receive any earnout shares and 3) Renren Inc. will receive the indemnification shares.

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for contingent consideration measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 and 2019:

	Amounts
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	66,794
Contingent consideration resulting from new acquisitions		14,113
Fair value change		29,604
Exchange difference		(4,841	)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	105,670
Fair value change		(86,256)
Exchange difference		2,467
Contingent liability reclassified into equity		(20,849)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	1,032

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

The Company measured its property, equipment and goodwill at fair value on a nonrecurring basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may no longer be recoverable. The Company measures the purchase price allocation at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of the acquisition dates.

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently if events or conditions were to indicate the carrying value of a reporting unit may be greater than its fair value. Impairment testing compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit with its fair value. In 2019, the Company performed annual impairment tests for goodwill using the discounted cash flow method. The fair value of goodwill is a Level 3 valuation based on certain unobservable inputs including projected cash flows and estimated risk-adjusted rates of return that would be utilized by market participants in valuing these assets or prices of similar assets, see Note 12.

F-68

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

19.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Renren Stock options

Renren Inc. (“Renren”) adopted the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”), the 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”), the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”), the 2011 Share Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”), the 2016 Share Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), and the 2018 Share Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) for purpose of granting of stock options and incentive stock options to employees and executives to reward them for service to the parent and to provide incentives for future service. In 2006, Renren Inc. adopted the 2006 Plan to replace the equity incentive plans adopted during the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005. On February 26, 2016, Renren Inc. amended the 2011 Plan and 45,000,000 ordinary shares have been added to the award pool under the 2011 Plan. The maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2006 Plan, 2008 Plan, 2009 Plan, 2011 Plan, 2016 Plan and 2018 Plan is 97,430,220, 30,529,630, 40,000,000, 110,014,158, 53,596,236 and 107,100,000, respectively. The term of the options may not exceed ten years from the date of the grant, except for the situation of amendment, modification and termination. The awards under the above plans are subject to vesting schedules ranging from immediately upon grant to six years subsequent to grant date.

On August 24, 2017, the Company’s compensation committee approved to reduce the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by the Company with an exercise price higher than $0.478 per ordinary share to $0.478 per share. Such reduction was accounted by the Company as a share option modification and required the remeasurement of these share options at the time of the modification. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was $10,382. The incremental cost related to vested options amounted to $7,427 and was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. The incremental cost related to unvested options amounted to $2,955 and will be recorded over the remaining service periods.

On June 29, 2018, Renren Inc.’s compensation committee approved to reduce the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by Renren with an exercise price higher than $0.0613 per ordinary share to $0.0613 per share. Such reduction was accounted by Renren as a share option modification and required the remeasurement of these share options at the time of the modification. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was $10,779. The incremental cost related to vested options amounted to $9,304 and was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during year ended December 31, 2018. The incremental cost related to unvested options amounted to $1,475 and will be recorded over the remaining service periods.

The Company did not grant any options in 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-69

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

19.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION – continued

Stock options - continued

The following table summarizes information with respect to share options outstanding as of December 31, 2019:

		Options outstanding								Options exercisable
Range of exercise prices		Number outstanding		Weighted average remaining contractual life		Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average intrinsic value		Number of exercisable		Weighted average remaining contractual life		Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average intrinsic value
$	0.06		138,953,386		4.41	$	0.06	$	-		124,046,160		4.22	$	0.06	$	-
			138,953,386					$	-		124,046,160					$	-

				Weighted		Weighted
				average		average
	Number of			exercise		grant date
	shares			price		fair value
Balance, December 31, 2018		139,094,101		$	0.06	$	0.64

Exercised		(128,490	)	$	0.06	$	0.27
Forfeited		(12,225	)	$	0.06	$	0.36

Balance, December 31, 2019		138,953,386		$	0.06	$	0.64

Exercisable, December 31, 2019		124,046,160		$	0.06

Expected to vest, December 31, 2019		14,907,226		$	0.06

For employee stock options, the Company recorded share-based compensation from continuing operations of $23,904, $18,640, and $4,628 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, based on the fair value on the grant dates over the requisite service period of award using the straight-line method. The Company did not have any compensation expenses from discontinued operations.

For non-employee options, share based compensation was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, there was no share based compensation recorded for non-employee options.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $9,657 unrecognized share-based compensation expense relating to share options. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of 2.04 years.

F-70

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

19.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION – continued

Renren Nonvested restricted shares

A summary of the nonvested restricted shares activity is as follows:

	Weighted			Weighted average fair
	number of			value
	nonvested			per ordinary
	restricted			share at the
	shares			grant dates
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018		73,772,379		$	0.21

Granted		8,362,965		$	0.08
Vested		(13,465,695	)	$	0.28
Forfeited		(12,848,161	)	$	0.14

Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		55,821,488		$	0.18

The Company recorded compensation expenses based on the fair value of nonvested restricted shares on the grant dates over the requisite service period of award using the straight-line vesting attribution method. The fair value of the nonvested restricted shares on the grant date was the closing market price of the ordinary shares as of the date. The Company recorded compensation expenses related to nonvested restricted shares from continuing operations of $4,112, $3,917 and $3,952 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Company did not have any compensation expenses related to nonvested shares in discontinued operations.

F-71

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

19.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION – continued

Nonvested restricted shares - continued

Total unrecognized compensation expense amounting to $10,234 related to nonvested restricted shares granted as of December 31, 2019. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 4.52 years.

Kaixin Auto Group Incentive Plan (the “Kaixin 2018 Plan”)

The numbers of shares awards and per share amounts as follows are restated to give effect for the reverse recapitalization discussed in Note 1.

On January 31, 2018, Kaixin adopted Kaixin 2018 Plan, whereby 6,248,000 (retrospectively adjusted from 40,000,000) ordinary shares of Kaixin are made available for future grant for employees or consultants of Kaixin either in the form of incentive share options or restricted shares. The plan was amended and restated in May 2018 that up to 21,868,000 (retrospectively adjusted from 140,000,000 to) ordinary shares will be made available for granting as awards.

On March 15, 2018 and July 1, 2018, Kaixin issued an aggregate of 5,695,286 (retrospectively adjusted from 36,461,500) options to purchase Kaixin’s ordinary shares to certain of its directors, officers and employees to compensate their services. The term of the options may not exceed ten years from the date of the grant, except for the situation of amendment, modification and termination. The awards under the above plans are subject to vesting schedules ranging from immediately upon grant to four years subsequent to grant date.

Kaixin Auto Holdings Incentive Plan (the “Kaixin 2019 Plan”)

The numbers of shares awards and per share amounts as follows are restated to give effect for the reverse recapitalization discussed in Note 1.

On April 30, 2019, KAH adopted Kaixin 2019 Plan, whereby 4,715,700 ordinary shares of KAH are made available for future grant for employees of KAH share options or restricted shares. On May 3, 2019, in connection with the consummation of the reverse recapitalization, all the options granted under the Kaixin 2018 Plan were cancelled and replaced by share awards of Kaixin 2019 Plan, subject to certain adjustments.

On May 3, 2019 (the “Replacement Date”), the KAH’s board of directors approved to replace 5,472,857 share options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018 under the 2018 Plan to 144 employees with 2,186,364 options and 2,183,828 restricted shares. The exercise price of the options was reduced from $1.70 per share to $0.01 per share. The replacement awards were subject to graded vesting over three years from the Replacement Date, in which 25% to 62.5% of the total option vest on the grant date immediately and 1/36 of the remaining options vests monthly subsequent to the Replacement Date. The total incremental cost as a result of the modification was $4,138. The incremental cost related to vested awards amounted to $1,205 and was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2019. The incremental cost related to unvested awards amounted to $2,933 and is recorded over the remaining service periods.

During 2019, KAH issued an aggregate of 244,732 options and 223,905 restricted shares under the Kaixin 2019 Plan to certain of its directors, officers and employees to compensate their services. The term of the options may not exceed ten years from the date of the grant. The awards under the above plans are subject to vesting schedules ranging from immediately upon grant to four years subsequent to grant date. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of the share options granted during the period presented was $1.92.

In determining the fair value of share options, a binomial option pricing model is applied. Assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the share options granted or modified were as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2018			2019
Risk-free interest rate (1)		2.82	%		2.50-3.00	%
Volatility (2)		28%-55	%		45%-46	%
Expected term (in years) (3)		10			10
Exercise price (4)	$	1.70		$	0.01
Dividend yield (5)		-			-
Fair value of underlying ordinary share (6)	$	4.25			$2.12-$3.36

F-72

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

19.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION – continued

Kaixin Auto Holdings Incentive Plan (the “Kaixin 2019 Plan”)- continued

(1)

Risk-free interest rate

Risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield to maturity of treasury bonds of the United States with a maturity period close to the expected life of the options.

(2)

Volatility

The volatility of the underlying ordinary shares during the life of the options was estimated based on the historical stock price volatility of listed comparable companies over a period comparable to the expected term of the options.

(3)

Expected term

For the options granted to employees, the Company estimated the expected term based on the vesting and contractual terms and employee demographics. For the options granted to non-employees, the Company estimated the expected term as the original contractual term.

(4)

Exercise price

The exercise price of the options was determined by the Company’s board of directors.

(5)

Dividend yield

The dividend yield was estimated by the Company based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options.

(6)

Fair value of underlying ordinary shares

Prior to the consummation of the reverse recapitalization, the estimated fair value of the ordinary shares underlying the options as of the valuation date was determined based on a contemporaneous valuation. When estimating the fair value of the ordinary shares on the valuation dates, management has considered a number of factors, including the result of a third party appraisal of the Company, while taking into account standard valuation methods and the achievement of certain events. The fair value of the ordinary shares in connection with the option grants on the valuation date was determined with the assistance of an independent third-party appraiser. The fair values of the underlying ordinary shares on each date of grant after April 30, 2019, were the closing prices of the Company’s ordinary shares traded in the Stock Exchange.

F-73

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

19.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION – continued

A summary of the KAH’s share options activities held by the Company’s employees for the year ended December 31, 2019 was as follows:

Options Granted to Employees and Directors	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted average fair value per shares		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Years		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018		5,510,970		$	1.92	$	3.33
Forfeited (before replacement date)		(38,113)		$	1.92	$	3.33
Replaced		(5,472,857	)	$	1.92	$	3.33
Granted (replacement options)		2,186,364		$	0.01	$	3.35
Granted (new options)		244,732		$	0.01	$	1.92
Forfeited		(276,582	)	$	0.01	$	3.22
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		2,154,514		$	0.01	$	3.20		9.39	$	4,007
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2019		2,154,514		$	0.01	$	3.20		9.39	$	4,007
Exercisable as of December 31, 2019		1,268,543		$	0.01	$	3.35		9.37	$	2,359

The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the closing stock price of $1.87 of the Company's ordinary share on December 31,2019.

The fair values of the options granted for the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2019 are as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2018		2019
	US$		US$
Weighted average grant date fair value of option per share		2.94		3.21
Aggregate grant date fair value of options		18,959,980		7,794,799

As of December 31, 2019, there was approximately $3,996 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share options. The unrecognized compensation costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.44 years.

KAH Nonvested restricted shares

A summary of the nonvested restricted shares activity is as follows:

	Weighted number of nonvested restricted shares			Weighted average fair value per ordinary share at the grant dates
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018		-			-
Granted (replacement restricted shares)		2,183,828			3.36
Granted (new restricted shares)		223,905			3.36
Vested		(961,622	)		3.36
Unvested as of December 31, 2019		1,446,111			3.36

As of December 31, 2019, there was approximately $4,859 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted shares. The unrecognized compensation costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.43 years.

The total fair value of shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $3,231.

The amount of share-based compensation expense for options and nonvested restricted shares of the Company, including KAH attributable to selling and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses are as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Selling and marketing	$	598	$	1,927	$	1,182
Research and development		1,092		1,142		1,324
General and administrative		26,326		28,534		9,778

Total share-based compensation expense	$	28,016	$	31,603	$	12,284

There was no income tax benefit recognized in the statements of operations for share-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-74

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

20.

RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS

Details of major related party balances as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:

(1)

Amounts due from related parties

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, amounts due from related parties including both current and non-current were as follows:

		As of December 31,
	Note	2018		2019
Oak Pacific Investment	(i)	$	93,880	$	91,758
Beijing Infinities	(ii)		60,000		40,681
Others			829		7

Total			154,709		132,446

(i)

The balance of December 31, 2019 represents the US$88 million note issued by Oak Pacific Investment to Renren and US$4 million accrued interest income. In connection with the private placement transaction completed on June 21, 2018, OPI issued a note to Renren with an interest rate of 8.0% per year. The term of the note is the earlier of five years and the date upon which OPI and its subsidiaries no longer hold any shares of Social Finance Inc. In March 2019, the interest rate was increased to 8.5% per year in connection with a refinancing of Oak Pacific Investment’s debt obligations. In December 2019, OPI repaid the principal of US$9.6 million and the associated interests of US$0.4 million. The balance is included in amount due from related party, non-current at December 31, 2018 and 2019.

(ii)

The balance represents the receivable from Beijing Infinities in connection with the disposition of the SNS business. The balance includes, US$20 million receivable in cash related as current and US$40 receivable million in the form of Beijing Infinities shares to be issued to the Company related as non-current as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019, the unpaid cash consideration was US$13 million, with an allowance of US$12.4 million. As of December 31, 2019, US$681 is current and US$40,000 is non-current. Refer to Note 4 for further details.

(2)

Amounts due to related parties

		As of December 31,
	Note	2018		2019
Beijing Infinities			-		681
Others			55		93
Total		$	55	$	774

Details of major related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:

(3)

Major transaction with related parties for amount due from related parties

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values	$	8,591	$	-	$	-
Equity method investments		-		-		600
Oak Pacific Investment		-		93,880		7,878
Beijing Infinities		-		60,000		-

Total	$	8,591	$	153,880	$	8,478

F-75

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

20.

RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS – continued

(4)

Transactions with related parties for amount due to related parties

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Beijing Infinities		-		-		681
Oak Pacific Investment and its subsidiaries	$	-	$	1,834	$	-
Others		333		5,418		38

Total	$	333	$	7,252	$	719

	(5)	In July 2012, the Company purchased $10,000 Series 2012-A Senior Secured Sofi Loan Notes issued by SoFi Lending Corp., a subsidiary of SoFi. Oak Pacific Holdings is a shareholder of SoFi and the Company's chairman and CEO, Joe Chen, is a director of SoFi. In September 2012, March 2014, January and February 2015, and October 2015, the Company invested $49,000, $20,789, $22,331 and $150,000 in newly issued Series B preferred shares, Series D preferred shares, Series E preferred shares and Series F preferred shares of SoFi, respectively, concurrently with a group of other investors. These transactions were approved by the independent, disinterested members of the Company's board and the audit committee of the board.

		In April 2017, the Company disposed 5,719,986 preferred shares of SoFi for total net proceeds of $91,926, recording a realized gain amounting to $58,335.

F-76

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

21.

SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker (the "CODM") is the CEO, who is responsible for decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company. An operating segment is a component of the Company that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, and is identified on the basis of the internal financial reports that are provided to and regularly reviewed by the Company’s CODM.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company identified two reportable segments, namely Renren and Auto Group. The Auto Group segment mostly includes the sales of automobile as well as used car financing provided to used car dealerships while the Renren segment mostly includes the Company's SaaS business. The Company's SNS business and OPI have been reclassified as discontinued operations.

	Year ended December 31, 2017									Year ended December 31, 2018									Year ended December 31, 2019
	Renren			Auto Group			Total			Renren			Auto Group			Total			Renren			Auto Group			Total
Revenues	$	21,931			152,693			174,624			19,122			479,076			498,198			15,086			334,697			349,783
Cost of revenues		(17,920	)		(145,394	)		(163,314	)		(11,966	)		(464,502	)		(476,468	)		(6,719	)		(340,174	)		(346,893	)
Operating expenses		(58,543	)		(30,456	)		(88,999	)		(66,847	)		(68,285	)		(135,132	)		(65,771	)		(127,957	)		(193,728	)
Operating loss		(54,532	)		(23,157	)		(77,689	)		(59,691	)		(53,711	)		(113,402	)		(57,404	)		(133,434	)		(190,838	)
Net (loss) income from continuing operations		37,444			(28,695	)		8,749			(69,285	)		(89,532	)		(158,817	)		(38,416	)		(69,068	)		(107,484	)
Net (loss) income from discontinued operations		(119,252	)		-			(119,252	)		223,298			-			223,298			-			-			-
Net (loss) income		(81,808	)		(28,695	)		(110,503	)		154,013			(89,532	)		64,481			(38,416	)		(69,068	)		(107,484	)

The Company does not allocate assets to its current operating segments as management does not believe that allocating these assets is useful in evaluating these segments’ performance. Accordingly, the Company has not made disclosure of total assets by reportable segment.

The majority of the Company's revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was generated from the PRC.

As of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, substantially all of long-lived assets of the Company were located in the PRC.

F-77

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

22.

NET (LOSS) INCOME PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per ordinary share for the years ended:

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Net (loss) income:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	8,749		$	(158,817	)	$	(107,484	)
(Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax		(119,252	)		223,298			-

Net (loss) income		(110, 503	)		64,481			(107,484	)
Add: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		76			8,059			56,391

Net (loss) income attributable to Renren Inc.	$	(110,427	)	$	72,540		$	(51,093	)

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in computing net (loss) income per ordinary share-basic		1,028,537,406			1,036,421,063			1,049,024,096
Incremental weighted average ordinary shares from assumed exercise of stock options using the treasury stock method		1,199,533			59,384,854			-

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in computing net income per ordinary share-diluted		1,029,736,939			1,095,805,917			1,049,024,096

Net (loss) income per ordinary share attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders - basic:
Income (loss) per ordinary share from continuing operations	$	0.01		$	(0.15	)	$	(0.05	)
(Loss) income per ordinary share from discontinued operations	$	(0.12	)	$	0.22		$	-

Net (loss) income per ordinary share attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders - basic:	$	(0.11	)	$	0.07		$	(0.05	)

Net (loss) income per ordinary share attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders - diluted:
Income (loss) per ordinary share from continuing operations	$	0.01		$	(0.15	)	$	(0.05	)
(Loss) income per ordinary share from discontinued operations	$	(0.12	)	$	0.20		$	-

Net (loss) income per ordinary share attributable to Renren Inc. shareholders - diluted:	$	(0.11	)	$	0.07		$	(0.05	)

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, 39,752,430 and 138,953,386 stock options and 6,286,947 and 55,821,488 nonvested shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average number of common shares, respectively, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

F-78

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

23.

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

(1)

Operating lease as lessee

The Company leases its facilities and offices under non-cancellable operating lease agreements.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had US$418 of short-term lease commitments under non-cancellable operating leases.

Future minimum lease payments under such non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

2019	$	5,735
2020		4,860
2021		1,840
2022		943
2023		332
2024 and thereafter		987

Total	$	14,697

(2)

Contingencies

In August 2018, the Kaixin's Ji'nan Dealership received a notice from the local police regarding an investigation of the dealership’s premises. Certain assets of the Ji’nan Dealership are not assessable pursuant to the investigation. In connection with these events, the Company determined that it is probable that it cannot enforce the realization of the inventory value and that suppliers to the Ji’nan Dealership are unable to fulfil the contract obligation by either delivering vehicles or returning money to the Company due to the ongoing investigation. As a result, the Company wrote off all inventory and advances to suppliers of the Ji’nan Dealership, which totalled US$5.7 million and US$16.1 million respectively during the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, in November 2018, Kaixin agreed to transfer its equity interest in the Ji’nan Dealership and the related assets to an affiliate of the Company. Following the transfer, the Company closed the dealership. As a result of the above, the Company fully impaired the goodwill related to the Ji'nan Dealership. Refer to note 4. The Company does not believe that the above will have any other effect on its business or financial conditions.

Additionally, from time to time, the Company is subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company does not believe that any currently pending legal or administrative proceeding to which the Company is a party will have a material effect on its business or financial condition.

24.

EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN

Full time employees of the Company in the PRC participate in a government-mandated defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. The Company accrues for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees' salaries. The total provisions for such employee benefits from continuing operations were $7,130, $8,640 and $6,481 and from discontinued operations were $399, $178 and $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-79

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

25.

STATUTORY RESERVE AND RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

In accordance with the Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment of China and their articles of association, the Company’s subsidiaries and VIE entities located in the PRC, being foreign invested enterprises established in the PRC, are required to provide for certain statutory reserves. These statutory reserve funds include one or more of the following: (i) a general reserve, (ii) an enterprise expansion fund or discretionary reserve fund, and (iii) a staff bonus and welfare fund. Subject to certain cumulative limits, the general reserve fund requires a minimum annual appropriation of 10% of after-tax profit (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in China at each year-end); the other fund appropriations are at the subsidiaries' or the affiliated PRC entities' discretion. These statutory reserve funds can only be used for specific purposes of enterprise expansion, staff bonus and welfare, and are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation of the Company's subsidiaries, the Company's affiliated PRC entities and their respective subsidiaries. The Company's subsidiaries and VIE entities are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profits to the general reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of their respective registered capital. As of December 31, 2019, none of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and VIE entities had a general reserve that reached the 50% of their registered capital threshold, therefore they will continue to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profits to the general reserve fund.

F-80

RENREN INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In thousands of US dollars, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

26.

STATUTORY RESERVE AND RESTRICTED NET ASSETS - continued

Appropriations to the enterprise expansion reserve and the staff welfare and bonus reserve are to be made at the discretion of the board of directors of each of the Company's subsidiaries. The appropriation to these reserves by the Company's PRC subsidiaries was $nil, $nil and $nil for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As a result of these PRC laws and regulations and the requirement that distributions by PRC entities can only be paid out of distributable profits computed in accordance with PRC GAAP, the PRC entities are restricted from transferring a portion of their net assets to the Company. Amounts restricted include paid-in capital and the statutory reserves of the Company's PRC subsidiaries and VIE entities. The aggregate amounts of capital and statutory reserves restricted which represented the amount of net assets of the relevant subsidiaries and VIE entities in the Company not available for distribution was $352,535 and $352,335 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

27.

SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On March 24, 2020, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved to reduce the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by the Company with an exercise price higher than $0.0113 per ordinary share to $0.0113 per share.

China has recently experienced an outbreak of COVID-19, a disease caused by a novel and highly contagious form of coronavirus. The severity of the outbreak in certain provinces, such as the Hubei Province, and municipalities, such as Wuhan, resulted in travel restrictions, delay in resumption of service and mass production and the related quarantine measures imposed by the government across China and materially affected general commercial activities in China. Because substantially all of our operations are conducted in China, the outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a disruption to our business. In particular, one of our Dealerships is located in Wuhan, the original epicenter of the outbreak. In late January 2020, in response to intensifying efforts to contain the spread of the coronavirus, we closed all of our Dealership Outlets and corporate offices. In March 2020, we gradually resumed our operations in various cities, but customer traffic to our Dealership Outlets has remained significantly lower than comparable periods before the COVID-19 outbreak. We currently are unable to predict the duration and severity of the spread of COVID-19, the responses thereto, and their impact on our business and operations, our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, as these depend on rapidly evolving developments, which are highly uncertain and will be a function of factors beyond our control. Such factors include, among others, the continued spread or recurrence of contagion, the implementation of effective preventative and containment measures, the development of effective medical solutions, the extent to which governmental restrictions on travel, public gatherings, mobility and other activities remain in place or are augmented, financial and other market reactions to the foregoing, and reactions and responses of communities and societies. Based on the business disruption and reduced customer demand we have experienced to date, we expect that the COVID-19 outbreak will likely have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations in 2020.

Any similar future outbreak of a contagious disease, other adverse public health developments in China and around the world, or the measures taken by the governments of China or other countries in response to a future outbreak of a contagious disease may restrict economic activities in affected regions, resulting in reduced business volume, temporary closure of our production facilities and offices or otherwise disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

F-81

RENREN INC.

Financial Statement Schedule I

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company

BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019

(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data and per share data )

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
ASSETS

Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	749		$	173
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		908			519
Amounts due from subsidiaries		493,231			409,258
Total current assets		494,888			409,950

Long-term investments		417			-
Amounts due from related parties non-current		93,880			91,758

TOTAL ASSETS	$	589,185		$	501,708

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Short-term loan		-			11,000
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		3,583			3,152
Contingent consideration		-			204
Amounts due to related parties		27			-

Total current liabilities		3,610			14,356

Long-term liabilities		35,000			-
Long-term contingent consideration		-			828
Deficit of investment in subsidiaries		403,110			382,411

TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	441,720		$	397,595

Equity:
Class A ordinary shares, $0.001 par value, 3,000,000,000 shares authorized, 737,222,448 and 750,816,633 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively		737			751
Class B ordinary shares, $0.001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 305,388,450 and 305,388,450 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively		305			305
Additional paid-in capital		709,137			720,513
Accumulated deficit		(557,025	)		(608,118	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(5,689	)		(9,338	)
Equity		147,465			104,113
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	589,185		$	501,708

F-82

RENREN INC.

Financial Statement Schedule I

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data and per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Selling and marketing	$	598		$	423		$	524
Research and development		1,092			1,035			1,118
General and administrative		33,519			25,536			8,030

Total operating expenses		35,209			26,994			9,672

Other income		1,385			924			-
Interest income		223			3,969			7,904
Interest expenses		(6,391	)		(3,989	)		(565	)
Fair value change of contingent consideration		-			-			20,662
(Loss) earnings in equity method investments		9,743			(1,415	)		(417	)
Gain on disposal of equity method investments		58,335			-			-
Gain on disposal of equity investments without readily determinable fair values		37,311			-			-
Gain on deconsolidation of the subsidiaries		-			182,441			-
Equity in loss of subsidiaries and variable interest entities		(175,824	)		(82,396	)		(69,005	)

Net loss	$	(110,427	)	$	72,540		$	(51,093	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation		9,585			(5,770)			(3,344)
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments		3,891			(9,671)			9
Non-controlling interest disposition		-			2,519			-
Transfer to statements of operations of realized gain on available-for-sale securities		(3,243)			(7,364)			(9)
Other comprehensive loss		10,233			(20,286)			(3,344)
Comprehensive (loss) income		(100,194)			52,254			(54,437)

F-83

RENREN INC.

Financial Statement Schedule I

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data and per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(32,412	)		16,026			13,850

Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sale of equity method investment		91,926			-			-
Proceeds from sale of equity investments without readily determinable fair values		32,726			4,585			-
Purchase of equity method investment		(500	)		-			-
Proceeds from repayment of the note issued by OPI		-			-			9,564

Net cash provided by investing activities		124,152			4,585			9,564

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from exercise of share options		262			1,107			10
Proceeds from borrowings		-			27,000			7,000
Cash distribution to shareholders related to acquisition of OPI		-			(133,665	)		-
Repayment of borrowings		(10,000	)		(12,000	)		(31,000	)

Net cash used in financing activities		(9,738	)		(117,558	)		(23,990	)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		82,002			(96,947	)		(576	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		15,694			97,697			749
Effect of exchange rate changes		1			(1	)		-
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	97,697		$	749		$	173

F-84

RENREN INC.

Financial Statement Schedule I

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data and per share data, or otherwise noted)

BASIS FOR PREPARATION

The condensed financial information of the Parent Company has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the Company’s consolidated financial statements except that the Parent Company used the equity method to account for investments in its subsidiaries and VIE.

The condensed financial information is provided since the restricted net assets of the Company’s subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries were $352,335 over 25% of the consolidated net assets of the Company as of December 31, 2019.

INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES, VIE AND VIE’S SUBSIDIARIES

The Parent Company and its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries were included in the consolidated financial statements where inter-company balances and transactions were eliminated upon consolidation. For purpose of the Parent Company’s stand-alone financial statements, its investments in subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries were reported using the equity method of accounting. The Parent Company’s share of loss from its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries were reported as share of loss of subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries in the accompanying Parent Company financial statements. Ordinarily under the equity method, an investor in an equity method investee would cease to recognize its share of the losses of an investee once the carrying value of the investment has been reduced to $nil absent an undertaking by the investor to provide continuing support and fund losses. For the purpose of this Schedule I, the Parent Company has continued to reflect its share, based on its proportionate interest, of the losses of subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries regardless of the carrying value of the investment even though the Parent Company is not obligated to provide continuing support or fund losses.

F-85

EXHIBIT 2.6

Description of rights of each class of securities

registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)

Our Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share, of Renren Inc. (“Renren”, we,” “our,” “our company,” or “us”) are registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, and our American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing 45 Class A ordinary shares, are listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “RENN.” This exhibit contains a description of the rights of (i) the holders of shares and (ii) ADS holders. Shares underlying the ADSs are held by Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and holders of ADSs will not be treated as holders of the shares.

Description of Class A Ordinary Shares

The following is a summary of material provisions of our currently effective amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as well as the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Law”) insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares. Notwithstanding this, because it is a summary, it may not contain all the information that you may otherwise deem important. For more complete information, you should read our Memorandum and Articles of Association, which has been filed with the SEC as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173548).

Type and Class of Securities (Item 9.A.5 of Form 20-F)

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, each par value $0.001 per share. The respective number of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of the last day of our respective fiscal year is provided on the cover of the annual report on Form 20-F (the “Form 20-F”) of our company. Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form. We will issue only non-negotiable shares, and will not issue bearer or negotiable shares.

Preemptive Rights (Item 9.A.3 of Form 20-F)

Our shareholders do not have preemptive rights.

Limitations or Qualifications (Item 9.A.6 of Form 20-F)

We keep and intend to maintain a dual-class voting structure. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share.

Due to the disparate voting powers attached to these two classes of ordinary shares, holders of Renren’s Class B ordinary shares will have decisive influence over matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or sale of our company. This concentrated control will limit the ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

A description of the differences between Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares is provided in “Part I – Item 10. Additional Information – B. Memorandum and Articles of Association – Ordinary Shares” of the Form 20-F.

Other Rights (Item 9.A.7 of Form 20-F)

Not applicable.

Rights of the Shares (Item 10.B.3 of Form 20-F)

Requirements to Change the Rights of Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares (Item 10.B.4 of Form 20-F)

Limitations on the Rights to Own Shares (Item 10.B.6 of Form 20-F)

There are no limitations imposed by our memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares.

Provisions Affecting Any Change of Control (Item 10.B.7 of Form 20-F)

authorize our board of directors to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

establish advance notice requirements for nominating board of directors nominees or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at annual shareholder meetings.

Ownership Threshold (Item 10.B.8 of Form 20-F)

There are no provisions in the Companies Law applicable to the Company and our memorandum and articles of association that require our company to disclose shareholder ownership above any particular ownership threshold.

Differences Between the Law of Different Jurisdictions (Item 10.B.9 of Form 20-F)

The Companies Law is modeled after that of England but does not follow recent English statutory enactments and differs from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

Mergers and Similar Arrangements. The Companies Law permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company, and (b) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The plan must be filed with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a list of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

A merger between a Cayman parent company and its Cayman subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders of that Cayman subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman subsidiary to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. For this purpose a company is a “parent” of a subsidiary if it holds issued shares that together represent at least ninety percent (90%) of the votes at a general meeting of the subsidiary.

The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by a court in the Cayman Islands.

Save in certain limited circumstances, a shareholder of a Cayman constituent company who dissents from the merger or consolidation is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) upon dissenting to the merger or consolidation, provide the dissenting shareholder complies strictly with the procedures set out in the Companies Law. The exercise of dissenter rights will preclude the exercise by the dissenting shareholder of any other rights to which he or she might otherwise be entitled by virtue of holding shares, save for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful.

Separate from the statutory provisions relating to mergers and consolidations, the Companies Law also contains statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met;

the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class;

the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and

the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Law.

The Companies Law also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition which may facilitate the “squeeze out” of dissentient minority shareholder upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares to the offeror on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If an arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, or if a tender offer is made and accepted, a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, save that objectors to a takeover offer may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for various orders that the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands has a broad discretion to make, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

Shareholders’ Suits. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, there are exceptions to the foregoing principle, including when:

a company acts or proposes to act illegally or ultra vires;

the act complained of, although not ultra vires, could only be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and

those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority.”

Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability. Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Renren’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association permit indemnification of officers and directors for losses, damages, costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such unless such losses or damages arise from dishonesty or fraud of such directors or officers. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation.

In addition, Renren has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in Renren’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

Directors’ Fiduciary Duties. Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company—a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his position as director (unless the company permits him to do so) and a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his personal interest or his duty to a third party. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.

Shareholder Action by Written Consent. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. Cayman Islands law and Renren’s amended and restated articles of association provide that shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.

Shareholder Proposals. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

The Companies Law provide shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Renren’s amended and restated articles of association allow its shareholders holding in aggregate not less than one-third of all votes attaching to the outstanding shares of Renren entitled to vote at general meetings to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of the shareholders, in which case the board is obliged to convene an extraordinary general meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. Other than this right to requisition a shareholders’ meeting, Renren’s amended and restated articles of association do not provide its shareholders with any other right to put proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, Renren is not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.

Cumulative Voting. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands but Renren’s amended and restated articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, the shareholders of Renren are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

Removal of Directors. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Renren’s amended and restated articles of association, directors may be removed with or without cause, by an ordinary resolution of its shareholders.

Transactions with Interested Shareholders. The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Dissolution; Winding up. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.

Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Companies Law and Renren’s amended and restated articles of association, Renren may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a special resolution of its shareholders.

Variation of Rights of Shares. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islands law and Renren’s amended and restated articles of association, if its share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, Renren may vary the rights attached to any class with the written consent of the holders of a majority of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Amendment of Governing Documents. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. As permitted by Cayman Islands law, Renren’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may only be amended with a special resolution of its shareholders.

Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by Renren’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on its shares. In addition, there are no provisions in Renren’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

Changes in Capital (Item 10.B.10 of Form 20-F)

Our shareholders may from time to time by ordinary resolution:

increase our share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe;

consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

sub-divide our shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller than that fixed by the Memorandum (subject, nevertheless, to the Law), provided that in the subdivision the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if any, unpaid on each reduced share shall be the same as it was in case of the share from which the reduced share is derived; or

cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.

Our shareholders may by special resolution, subject to confirmation by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands on an application by our company for an order confirming such reduction, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.

Debt Securities (Item 12.A of Form 20-F)

Not applicable.

Warrants and Rights (Item 12.B of Form 20-F)

Not applicable.

Other Securities (Item 12.C of Form 20-F)

Not applicable.

American Depositary Shares (Items 12.D.1 and 12.D.2 of Form 20-F)

The name of the depositary is Citibank, N.A. The depositary’s office is located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10013.

Each ADS represents the right to receive 45 Class A ordinary shares on deposit with the custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive any other property received by the depositary or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations.

If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as owner of ADSs and those of the depositary. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which may be different from the laws in the United States.

In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals. Neither the depositary, the custodian, we nor any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on behalf of you to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.

As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary (commonly referred to as the direct registration system or DRS). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary and The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC.

The following is a summary of the material provisions of the deposit agreement. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of American Depositary Receipt. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by our Form F-6 and its amendments, as initially filed on April 15, 2011 (Commission file No. 333-173515), which is incorporated herein by reference, including the exhibits thereto. For directions on how to obtain copies of those documents, see “Item 10.H. Additional Information—Documents on Display” of the Form 20-F.

Dividends and Distributions

As a holder, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of a specified record date.

Distributions of Cash

Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary will arrange for the funds to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of the Cayman Islands.

The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.

The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest-bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.

Distributions of Shares

Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.

The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.

No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (including U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.

Distributions of Rights

Whenever we intend to distribute rights to purchase additional ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs to holders.

The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to purchase new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.

The depositary will not distribute the rights to you if:

we do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or

we fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

it is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.

The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.

Elective Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.

The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs in each case as described in the deposit agreement.

If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a holder of ordinary shares would receive upon failing to make an election.

Other Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to purchase additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.

If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.

The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the property received.

The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:

we do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we ask that the property not be distributed to you; or

we do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or

the depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.

The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Redemption

Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.

The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert the redemption funds received into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine.

Changes Affecting Class A Ordinary Shares

The Class A ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, a split-up, cancellation, consolidation or reclassification of such Class A ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets.

If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the Class A ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Class A ordinary shares. If the depositary may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.

Issuance of ADSs Upon Deposit of Class A Ordinary Shares

Upon the completion of this offering, the Class A ordinary shares that are being offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus will be deposited by us and the selling shareholders with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in this prospectus.

The depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit Class A ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of Class A ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit Class A ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.

The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the Class A ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.

When you make a deposit of Class A ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:

the Class A ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained;

all preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such Class A ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised;

you are duly authorized to deposit the Class A ordinary shares;

the Class A ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement); and

the Class A ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.

If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.

Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs

If you hold ADRs, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:

ensure that the surrendered ADR certificate is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;

provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate;

provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and

pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.

To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement upon a combination or split up of ADRs.

Withdrawal of Class A Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs

As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying Class A ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands legal considerations applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the Class A ordinary shares being withdrawn. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.

If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.

You will have the right to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs at any time except for:

temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the Class A ordinary shares or ADSs are closed or (ii) the Class A ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends;

obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; and

restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.

The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.

Voting Rights

As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs.

If we ask for your instructions in a timely manner pursuant to the deposit agreement, as soon as practicable after receiving notice of any meeting or solicitation of consents or proxies from us, the depositary will distribute to the registered ADS holders a notice stating such information as is contained in the voting materials received by the depositary and describing how you may instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the shares which underlie your ADSs, including circumstances under which a discretionary proxy may be given to a person designated by us. At our request, the depositary will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs.

Voting at our shareholders’ meetings is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of our board of directors or any shareholder holding at least 10% of the shares given a right to vote at such meeting, present in person or by proxy. If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, the depositary will endeavor to cause the Class A ordinary shares on deposit to be voted as follows: (a) in the event voting takes place at a shareholders’ meeting by show of hands, the depositary will instruct the custodian to vote, directly or by proxy, all Class A ordinary shares on deposit in accordance with the voting instructions received from a majority of the holders of ADSs who provided voting instructions; or (b) in the event voting takes place at a shareholders’ meeting by poll, the depositary will instruct the custodian to vote, directly or by proxy, the Class A ordinary shares on deposit in accordance with the voting instructions received from holders of ADSs.

In the event of voting by poll, holders of ADSs in respect of which no timely voting instructions have been received shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the Class A ordinary shares represented by such holders’ ADSs; provided, that no such instruction shall be deemed given and no such discretionary proxy shall be given with respect to any matter as to which we inform the depositary that we do not wish such proxy to be given; provided, further, that no such discretionary proxy shall be given (x) with respect to any matter as to which we inform the depositary that (i) there exists substantial opposition, or (ii) the rights of holders of ADSs or the shareholders of our company will be adversely affected and (y) in the event that the vote is on a show of hands.

Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.

In order to give you a reasonable opportunity to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of voting rights relating to deposited securities, if we request the depositary to act, pursuant to the deposit agreement, we will give the depositary notice of any such meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon at least 30 days in advance of the meeting date, although our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association only otherwise require an advance notice of at least 20 days.

Both shareholders and the depositary (or its proxy) acting on behalf of ADS holders have the option of voting in person or by proxy at a shareholders’ meeting.

Amendments and Termination

We may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.

You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).

We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.

After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).

Books of Depositary

The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.

The depositary will maintain facilities in New York to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.

Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities

The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. It also limits our liability and the liability of the depositary. Please note the following:

We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.

The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for any failure by us to give notice.

We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.

We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our articles of association, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.

We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for the deposit agreement or in our articles of association or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.

We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting ordinary shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.

We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability of a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.

We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.

We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.

Taxes

You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.

The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.

Foreign Currency Conversion

The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.

If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:

Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.

Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.

Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.

EXHIBIT 8.1

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

	Place of incorporation
Subsidiaries
CIAC/ChinaInterActiveCorp ("CIAC")	Cayman Islands
Kaixin Auto Group (formerly named as Renren Wealth Inc.)	Cayman Islands
Link224 Inc.	Cayman Islands
Wole Inc.	Cayman Islands
JiehunChina Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren Gongying Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren Finance, Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren CRSP Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren PLML Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren KURY Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren ONER Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren BLCR Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren ZHCH Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Renren LSTAR Holdings Inc.	Cayman Islands
Kaixin Auto Holdings	Cayman Islands
Jet Sound Hong Kong Company Limited	Hong Kong
Renren Game Hong Kong Limited	Hong Kong
Renren Winday Company Limited.	Hong Kong
Renren Giantly Limited.	Hong Kong
Renren Gentle Height Company Limited.	Hong Kong
Fenqi Winday Company Limited	Hong Kong
Chime Technologies, Inc.	USA
Renren U.S. Holdco, Inc.	USA
Sindeo Inc.	USA
Geographic Farming LLC	USA
Trucker Path Inc.	USA
Lucrativ Inc.	USA
Lofty US, Inc.	USA
Renren Giantly Philippines Inc.	Philippines
Qianxiang Shiji Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd.	PRC
Beijing Woxiu Information Technology Co. Ltd.	PRC
Beijing Jiexun Shiji Technology Development Co., Ltd.	PRC
Renren Huijin (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd.	PRC
Joy Interactive (Beijing) Technology Development Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Renren Financial Leasing Co., Ltd	PRC
Shanghai Renren Automobile Technology Co., Ltd	PRC
Shanghai Zhoushuo Automobile Technology Co., Ltd	PRC
Ji’nan Zhoushuo Yidong Automobile Commerce Co., Ltd	PRC
Suzhou Zhoushuo Lujie Automobile Service Co., Ltd	PRC
Shanghai Lingcong Internet Information Technology Co. Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Jiexun Automobile Sales Co. Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Lingding Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai DingranInformation Technology Co. Ltd.	PRC
Renren Zhenhan Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd	PRC

	Place of Incorporation
Variable Interest Entities:
Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Qianxiang Changda Internet Information Technology Development Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC

	Place of Incorporation
Subsidiaries of Variable Interest Entities:
Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd.	PRC
Beijing Kirin Wings Technology Development Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Wangjing Commercial Factoring Co., Ltd.	PRC
Beijing Jingwei Zhihui Information Technology Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Wangjing Investment Management Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Mumian Interactive Internet Information Service Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Heiguo Internet Information Technology Co., Ltd.	PRC
Jieying Baolufeng Automobile Sales (Shenyang) Co., Ltd.	PRC
Chongqing Jieying Shangyue Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Jiangsu Jieying Ruineng Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Dalian Yiche Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Henan Jieying Hengxin Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanxi Jieying Weilan Automobile Sales and Service Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shandong Jieying Huaqi Automobile Service Co., Ltd.	PRC
Neimenggu Jieying Kaihang Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Hangzhou Jieying Yifeng Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Jilin Jieying Taocheguan Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Suzhou Jieying Chemaishi Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Cangzhou Jieying Bole Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Shanghai Jieying Diyi Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Ningxia Jieying Xianzhi Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC
Wuhan Jieying Chimei Automobile Sales Co., Ltd.	PRC

EXHIBIT 12.1

Certification by the Principal Executive Officer
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Joseph Chen, certify that:

I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Renren Inc.;

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:

(a)

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)

Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)

Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	July 7, 2020
By:	/s/ Joseph Chen
Name:	Joseph Chen
Title:	Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 12.2

Certification by the Principal Financial Officer
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Yi Yang, certify that:

I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Renren Inc.;

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

(a)

(b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	July 7, 2020
By:	/s/ Yi Yang
Name:	Yi Yang
Title:	Acting Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 13.1

Certification by the Principal Executive Officer
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Renren Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Joseph Chen, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	July 7, 2020
By:	/s/ Joseph Chen
Name:	Joseph Chen
Title:	Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 13.2

Certification by the Principal Financial Officer
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Renren Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Yi Yang, acting Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	July 7, 2020
By:	/s/ Yi Yang
Name:	Yi Yang
Title:	Acting Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 15.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statements No. 333-177366, No. 333-209734 and No. 333-227886 on Form S-8 of our report dated May 15, 2019, relating to the financial statements of Renren Inc., appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019.

/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP
Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
July 7, 2020

EXHIBIT 15.2

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors
Renren Inc.:

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statements (No. 333-177366, No. 333-209734 and No. 333-227886) on Form S-8 of Renren Inc. of our report dated July 7, 2020, with respect to the consolidated balance sheet of Renren Inc. as of December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, changes in equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes and financial statement schedule I (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), which report appears in the December 31, 2019 annual report on Form 20-F of Renren Inc..

Our audit report dated July 7, 2020 contains an explanatory paragraph that states that the Company has incurred a loss from operations and negative cashflows from operating activities, has net current liabilities and an accumulated deficit, and has defaulted on loans that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Our report dated July 7, 2020 also contains an explanatory paragraph referring to a change in the Company’s method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”).

/s/ KPMG Huazhen LLP

Beijing, China
July 7, 2020

EXHIBIT 15.3

July 7, 2020

Renren Inc.
5/F, North Wing
18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road
Chaoyang District, Beijing 100016
People’s Republic of China

Ladies and Gentlemen,

We consent to the reference to our firm under the captions of “Item 3.D. Risk Factors”, “Item 4.B—Business Overview— Regulation” and “Item 10.E—Taxation” in Renren Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in the month of July 2020, and further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summaries of our opinions under these captions into Renren Inc.’s registration statements on Form S-8 (File No. 333-177366, File No. 333-209734 and File No. 333-227886) that were filed on October 18, 2011, February 26, 2016 and October 19, 2018, respectively.

	Yours faithfully,


	/s/ TransAsia Lawyers
	TransAsia Lawyers

EXHIBIT 15.4

Our ref VSL/667469-000001/16212644v1

Direct tel +852 3690 7513
E-mail vivian.lee@maples.com

Renren Inc.

5/F, North Wing

18 Jiuxianqiao Middle Road

Chaoyang District, Beijing 100016

People's Republic of China

7 July 2020

Dear Sirs and/or Madams

Re: Renren Inc.

We have acted as legal advisors as to the laws of the Cayman Islands to Renren Inc., an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands (the “Company”), in connection with the filing by the Company with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission of an annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2019.

We hereby consent to the reference of our name under the heading “Item 10E Taxation” in the Form 20-F and further consent to the incorporation by reference of the summary of our opinion under this heading into the Company’s registration statements on Form S-8 (File No. 333-177366, File No. 333-209734 and File No. 333-227886) that were filed on 18 October 2012, 26 February 2016 and 19 October 2018, respectively.

Yours faithfully

/s/ Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP

EXHIBIT 16.1

July 7, 2020

Securities and Exchange Commission

100 F Street, N.E.

Washington, D.C. 20549-7561

Dear Sirs/Madams:

We have read Item 16F of Renren Inc.'s Form 20-F dated July 7, 2020, and have the following comments:

We agree with the statements made in the first and fourth sentences of paragraph 1 and in paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Item 16F, for which we have a basis on which to comment on, and we agree with, the disclosures.

We have no basis on which to agree or disagree with the statements made in the second and third sentences of paragraph 1 and in paragraph 6 of Item 16F.

Yours truly,

/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP

Beijing, the People’s Republic of China